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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define The Term Information Processing |
The idea that information is processed through a number of stages. |
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What Are The Five Stages To Information Processing? |
Input, Encoding, Storage, Retrieval & Output. |
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Define The Term Input |
The process of data entry. |
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Define The Term Encoding |
Putting data into a format that the memory can recognise. |
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Define The Term Storage |
The process in which information is held, ready to be used at a later date. |
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Define The Term Retrieval |
The process in which information is located and taken out of storage. |
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Define The Term Output |
Using the information after it has been retrieved. |
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What Are Accessibility Problems? |
When information can't be retrieved from storage. Also known as the 'tip of the tongue' phenomenon. |
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What Are Availability Problems? |
When the information is no longer stored. |
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How Many Separate And Distinct Stores Does The Multi-Store Model Have? |
3~ Sensory store, short term store and long term store. |
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According To The MSM Where Does The Input Come From? |
The environment. |
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What Needs To Happen Before The Information Enters The Sensory Store? |
Encoding. |
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What Happens If We Don't Pay Attention To The Information In The Sensory Store? |
It decays. |
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What Store Does The Information Enter If It Is Paid Attention To? |
Short Term Memory. |
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What Is The Capacity Of The STM? |
7+/-2 chunks |
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What Is The Duration Of The STM? |
10 - 20 seconds |
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How Do We Keep Information In The STM? |
By completing maintenance rehearsal. |
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How Does Information Reach The LTM? |
If it is rehearsed enough it will be transferred. |
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What Is The Capacity Of The LTM? |
Unlimited. |
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What Is The Duration Of The LTM? |
Forever. |
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How Does The Information Become An Output? |
It is retrieved back into the short term memory. |
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Define The Term Displacement |
When information is pushed out by new information and so becomes forgotten. |
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What Are The Criticisms Of The MSM? |
- The model is too rigid and ignores individual differences. - The model over- simplifies the STM and LTM. - The model over- emphasises the role of rehearsal. |
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What Criticism Of The MSM Does The Levels Of Processing Theory Respond To? |
The model over- emphasises the role of rehearsal. |
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How Many Levels Of Processing Are There According To The Theory? |
Two~ Shallow processing and Deep processing. |
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Define The Term Shallow Processing |
Coding information based on its' physical characteristics. |
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What's An Example Of Shallow Processing? |
Noticing the colour of a slogan. |
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Define The Term Deep Processing |
Coding information for meaning. |
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What's An Example Of Deep Processing? |
Remembering a brilliant birthday party. |
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Which Type Of Processing Leads To Better Recall? |
Deep Processing. |
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What Research Method Was Used To Conduct Terry's Study? |
Laboratory experiment. |
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How Many Participants Were There? |
39 Students. |
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What Did The Participants Have To Do? |
- Students were shown 10 month old commercials of different products. - Students had to recall the commercials immediately after they were presented and then with a delay in between being shown the commercials and recalling them. |
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How Was This A Repeated Measures Design? |
Participants took part in the immediate AND delayed recall condition. |
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What Was The Independent Variable? |
Recalling the commercials immediately and with a delay. |
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What Was The Dependent Variable? |
How many commercials they could remember. |
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What Were The Main Results Of The Study? |
The results showed a serial position effect- they remembered them depending on where they were in the list. |
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What Happened In The Immediate Recall Condition? |
Participants showed a primacy and recency effect. |
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What Happened In The Delay Recall Condition? |
The participants showed just a primacy effect. |
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Define The Term Primacy Effect |
Remembering information at the beginning of a list. |
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Define The Term Recency Effect |
Remembering information at the end of a list. |
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Why Did The Participants Find If Difficult To Remember The Commercials In The Middle Of The List? |
They had been forgotten. Some had been displaced because there wasn't enough space for them. Some decayed because here wasn't enough time to rehearse them. |
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What's The Conclusion Of Terry's Study? |
Terry concluded that memory for television commercials was affected by their serial position in the list and not by their meaning. |
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What Are The Methodological Limitations Of Terry's Study? |
- Lab experiments lack ecological validity as they are conducted in an artificial environment. - Experiments often lack construct validity. - Experiments have the problem of demand characteristics. |
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What Real Life Situations Can Memory Aids Be Useful In? |
Education |
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What Strategies Can Be Used As Memory Aids? |
- Use of cues. - Use of imagery. - Mind Mapping. |
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How Can The Use Of Cues Help To Aid Memory? |
They help to trigger and therefore access lost information. Cues can trigger memories through any of the senses. E.g~ the smell of plasticine may remind someone of an event from their childhood. |
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What Is An Example Of A Cue? |
Never Eat Shredded Wheat Is For... North East South West |
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How Does The Use Of Imagery Aid Memory? |
Images give information more meaning. |
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How Does Mind Mapping Help To Aid Memory? |
Mind maps help students to revise. |
