Psychology: Memory

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Memory

Back 1

The process that allows us to record and later retrieve experiences and information.

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Sensory Registers

Back 2

Detect and briefly hold incoming sensory information.

Front 3

Working Memory (Short-Term Memory)

Back 3

Holds information we are conscious of at any given time.

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Long-Term Memory

Back 4

Stores information long enough for it to be recognized.

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Echoic Store

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Auditory sensory register (2 seconds)

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Iconic Store

Back 6

Visual; store then read (1/3 seconds)

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Encoding

Back 7

Getting information into the system by translating it into a neural code

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Storage

Back 8

Retaining information over time.

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Retrieval

Back 9

Pulling information out of storage for use at a later time

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Levels of Processing

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1. Structural Encoding
2. Phonological/phonemic Encoding
3. Semantic Encoding

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Schemas

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Organized pattern of thought about some aspect of the world.

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Associative Network

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Each idea is a "node" that is associated with other nodes. The shorter the distance between them the stronger the association.

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Neural Network

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Nodes are a physical unit that processes information.

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Declarative Memory

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Factual knowledge that you can "declare".

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Procedural Memory

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Skills and actions; things that are not verbalized.

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Explicit Memory

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Spontaneous retrieval

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Implicit Memory

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Occurs when memory influences behaviour without conscious awareness

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Retrieval

Back 18

Assessing information.

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Flashbulb Memory

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Recollections that seem so vivid, so clear, that we can picture them like a "snapshot".

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The Study of Forgetting

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Ebbinghaus measured forgetting by looking at relearning. Created forgetting curves.

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Forgetting Curves

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Most forgetting occurs early on, then plateaus.

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Encoding Failure

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Forgetting because there was problem encoding into long-term memory in the first place.

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Decay Theory

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With time and disuse the physical memory trace in the nervous system fades away

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Interference Theory: Proactive

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Material learned in the past interferes with the recall of newer material.

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Interference Theory: Retroactive

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Newly acquired information interferes with the recall of material learned earlier

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Repression

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Motivated to forget traumatic events

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Retrograde Amnesia

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Memory loss for events that occurred prior to the onset of amnesia

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Anterograde Amnesia

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Memory loss for events that occur after onset of amnesia

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Retrospective Memory

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Memory about things in the past

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Prospective Memory

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Remembering to do things in the future

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Incomplete Memories

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Memories may be constructed from pieces of information that make sense, therefore, seem accurate, but may not be accurate

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Misinformation Effect

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Distortion of a memory by a misleading post-event information.

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Cerebral Cortex

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Important for encoding and working memory.

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Thalamus

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Helps form new declarative memories

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Cerebellum

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Encodes patterns of motor activity

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Amygdala

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Important for encoding emotionally arousing and disturbing aspects of events

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Clive Wearing

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Marginal damage to temporal and frontal lobes; memory only lasts as long as his short term memory (few seconds)

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Henry Molaison (H.M.)

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Removed medial temporal lobe resulted in severe anterograde amnesia