Psychology Learning Theories

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Concept of learning

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relatively permanent change in an organism's potential for responding that results from prior experience or practice. Also called conditioning

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Different types of learning

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Habituation, Classical Conditioning, Operant Conditioning, Observational learning

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Habituation

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Decreases in responding to stimuli that have become familiar due to repeated exposure
Ex: Clock in the room, rattle in car, screaming kid.

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Classical Conditioning
'CC'

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Formation of association between two or more events

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CC

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1. Ivan Pavlov
2. Inital observation regarding the formation of "association"

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CC

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3.Terminology:
A. Unconditional Stimulus(US)- Stimulus that automatically elicits a responce.
B.Unconditional Response (UR)- reflective response elicited by US.
C. Conditional Stimulus (CS)- Neutral stimulus that becomes capable of elicting the reflective response after being peired with the US.
D. Conditional Response (CR)- response produced by the CS.
4. Factors that affect acquisittion of CC- # of CS-US parings, CS & US intensity, CU-US interval, CS-US relationship.

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CC Generalization and Discrimination

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Generalization- response rate as a function of similarity of stimuli with original CS.
Discrimination- different responding to different stimuli.

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CC Extinction

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Method of eliminating CC
Presents CS without US over and over (new learning takes place)

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Uses of CC

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advertising, systematic desensitization, counter conditioning

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Operant (instrumental) Conditioning
'OC'

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association is formed between the occurence of a behavior and the consequence of the behavior

An opperant response is a behavior that is modifiable by its consequences.

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OC

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In OC behavior is selected by its consequences; whereas in CC behavior is elicited

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1. OC Edward Thorndike

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cats in puzzle boxes; law of effect- consequence of a response determines whether the response is repeated

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2. OC Burris Skinner

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elaborated on Thorndike; defined key concepts.

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A. Burris Skinner Reinforcement (Positive and Negative)

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any stimulus that increases response rates.
Positive- stimulus is delivered (praise, reward).
Negative- stimulus removed (avoiding traffic, telephone rinning, Tantrum)
Some reinforcement can be both (drugs, Food).

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B. Burris Skinner Punishment (Positive and Negative)

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any stimulus that decreases the response rates.
Positive- stimulus is delivered (Oversive event)
Negative- Stimulus is removed (time-out)

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C. Burris Skinner Primary Vs. Secondary consequences

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Primary biologically significant (food , water)
Secondary is acquired via being being pared with a primary reinforcement (money, praise etc)

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3. Using Operant Conditioning

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the functional analysis of behavior
SD-Discri,inatative stimuli stimuli that indicate the availabity of reinforcement.

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4. Factors that influence the effectiveness of punishment

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temporal contiguity, size or quality of reinforcer, consistancy of behavior-punisher relationship, incompatibility of punisher with response.

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5. Factors that influence the effectiveness of reinforcement

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temporal contiguity, size or quality of reinforcer, consistancy of behavior-reinforcer relationship number of trials, reinforcement schedual instinctual drift.

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6. Generalization and Discrimination

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Generalization the extent to which behavior occures in the presense of stimuli similar to those present during conditioning.
Discrimination- stimuli associated with the availability of a consequence for a particualr behavior.

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7. Shaping
OC

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reinforcement of successive approximations to target response (superstitious behavior)

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8. The natures of reinforcers; how they work

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A. Inherent biological properties (primary Vs. secondary)...................

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9. Extinction
OC

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present SD without consequence 'often observe' 'extinction burst'
speed of extinction dependent on reinforcement schedual.

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10. Learned Helplessness
OC

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A. Escape Conditioning
B. Avoidance conditioning

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11. Applications
OC

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applied behavior analysis; behavior modification; clinical behavior analysis

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Memory System

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