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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Any enduring change in the way an organism responds based on its experience. |
LEARNING |
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Something in the environment that elicits a response. |
STIMULUS |
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The first type of learning to be studied systematically. |
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
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The stimulus that produces the response in an unconditioned reflex. |
UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS
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A response that does not have to be learned. |
UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE |
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A stimulus that through learning, has come to evoke a conditioned response.
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CONDITIONED RESPONSE |
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A learned aversion to a taste associated with an unpleasant feeling. |
CONDITIONED TASTE AVERSION |
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Tendency to respond similarly to the CS |
GENERALIZATION |
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The learned ability to distinguish between a CS and other stimuli that do not signal a US |
DISCRIMINATION |
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The process by which a CR is weakened by the presentation of the CS without the US. |
EXTINCTION
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The reemergence of a previously extinguished conditioned response. |
SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY |
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The tendency of a group of neurons to fire more readily after consistent stimulation from other neurons. |
LONG TERM POTENTIATION |
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Learn to repeat behaviors followed by desired results. |
OPERANT CONDITIONING
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Increases the probability that a response will occur.
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REINFORCEMENT |
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Diminishes the likelihood that a response will occur. |
PUNISHMENT |
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Add a positive stimuli to make the desired behavior occur. |
POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT |
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Process whereby termination of an aversive stimulus make a behavior more likely to occur. |
NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT
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immediate memory for information momentarily held in consciousness (telephone number) |
Primary Memory |
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the vast store of information that is unconscious except when called back into primary memory
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Seconday Memory |
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hold information about a perceived stimulus for a fraction of a secod after the stimulus disappears |
Sensory Registers
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Memory for Visual Information |
Iconic Memory |
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Auditory Memory |
Echoic Memory |
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Can only remember 7 bits of information. Lasts about 20-30 seconds. |
Short-term Memory
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repeating the information over andover in your mind |
Rehearsal |
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Unlimited capacity, but not as accurate as sensory or short-term memory. Lasts a lifetime. |
Long-term Memory
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recovering information from long-term memory
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Retrieval
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a tendency to remember information toward the beginnning and the end of a list rather than the middle
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Serial Position Effect
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discrete but interdependent processing units responsible for different kinds of remembering |
Modules
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the temporary storage and processing of information that can be used to solve problems to repsond to environmental demands, or to achieve goals
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Working Memory
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a memory technique that uses knowledge stored in LTM to group information in larger units than single words or digits |
Chunking
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memory for facts and events |
Declarative Memory
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"how to" knowledge of procedures or skills (skill or habit memory) |
Procedural Memory
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general world knowledge or facts |
Semantic Memory |
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memories of particular events |
Episodic Memory
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conscious recollection |
Explicit Memory
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memory that's expressed in behavior but does not require conscious recollection |
Implicit Memory
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the spontaneous conscious recollection of information from long-term memory |
Recall
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the person knows the information is "in there" but is not quite able to retrieve it |
Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon
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the explicit sense or recollection that something currently perceived has been previously encountered or learned |
Recognition
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prior exposure to a stimulus facilitates or inhibits the processing of new information |
Priming Effects
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memory as it occurs in everyday life |
Everyday as it occurs in everyday life
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memory for things from the past |
Retrospective Memory
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memory for things that need to be done in the future |
Prospective Memory
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A mental representation of the physical features in the enviornment |
Cognitive Mapping |
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process of identifying an object as an instance of a category; recogizing similarities and dissimilarities |
Categorization
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an abstraction across many instances of a category |
Prototype |
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Explored observational learning in children. |
Albert Bandura |
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the process of transforming one situatio into another to meet a goal |
Problem solving
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systematic procedures that inevitably produce a solution
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Algorithms |
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the tendency for people to ignore other possible functions of an object when they have a fixed function in mind |
Functional fixedness |
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the tendency for people to search for confirmation of what they already believe |
Confirmation bias |
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the process by which an individual weighs the pros and cons of different alternatives in order to make a choice |
Decision making |
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cognition that involves conscious manipulation of representations
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Explicit cognition |
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cognitive shortcuts for selecting among alternatives without carefully considering each one |
Heuristics
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cognition outside of awareness
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Implicit cognition |
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the rules that govern the meanings of morphemes, words, phrases and sentences |
Semantics |
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The initial learning of the stimulus response relationships |
Acquisition |
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Fires when an animal acts and observes |
Mirror Neurons |