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58 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Any enduring change in the way an organism responds based on its experience.

LEARNING

Something in the environment that elicits a response.

STIMULUS

The first type of learning to be studied systematically.

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

The stimulus that produces the response in an unconditioned reflex.

UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS

A response that does not have to be learned.

UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE

A stimulus that through learning, has come to evoke a conditioned response.

CONDITIONED RESPONSE

A learned aversion to a taste associated with an unpleasant feeling.

CONDITIONED TASTE AVERSION

Tendency to respond similarly to the CS

GENERALIZATION

The learned ability to distinguish between a CS and other stimuli that do not signal a US

DISCRIMINATION

The process by which a CR is weakened by the presentation of the CS without the US.

EXTINCTION

The reemergence of a previously extinguished conditioned response.

SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY

The tendency of a group of neurons to fire more readily after consistent stimulation from other neurons.

LONG TERM POTENTIATION

Learn to repeat behaviors followed by desired results.

OPERANT CONDITIONING
Increases the probability that a response will occur.

REINFORCEMENT

Diminishes the likelihood that a response will occur.

PUNISHMENT

Add a positive stimuli to make the desired behavior occur.

POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT

Process whereby termination of an aversive stimulus make a behavior more likely to occur.

NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT

immediate memory for information momentarily held in consciousness (telephone number)

Primary Memory

the vast store of information that is unconscious except when called back into primary memory

Seconday Memory

hold information about a perceived stimulus for a fraction of a secod after the stimulus disappears

Sensory Registers

Memory for Visual Information

Iconic Memory

Auditory Memory

Echoic Memory

Can only remember 7 bits of information. Lasts about 20-30 seconds.

Short-term Memory

repeating the information over andover in your mind

Rehearsal

Unlimited capacity, but not as accurate as sensory or short-term memory. Lasts a lifetime.

Long-term Memory
recovering information from long-term memory
Retrieval
a tendency to remember information toward the beginnning and the end of a list rather than the middle
Serial Position Effect

discrete but interdependent processing units responsible for different kinds of remembering

Modules
the temporary storage and processing of information that can be used to solve problems to repsond to environmental demands, or to achieve goals
Working Memory

a memory technique that uses knowledge stored in LTM to group information in larger units than single words or digits

Chunking

memory for facts and events

Declarative Memory

"how to" knowledge of procedures or skills (skill or habit memory)

Procedural Memory

general world knowledge or facts

Semantic Memory

memories of particular events

Episodic Memory

conscious recollection

Explicit Memory

memory that's expressed in behavior but does not require conscious recollection

Implicit Memory

the spontaneous conscious recollection of information from long-term memory

Recall

the person knows the information is "in there" but is not quite able to retrieve it

Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon

the explicit sense or recollection that something currently perceived has been previously encountered or learned

Recognition

prior exposure to a stimulus facilitates or inhibits the processing of new information

Priming Effects

memory as it occurs in everyday life

Everyday as it occurs in everyday life

memory for things from the past

Retrospective Memory

memory for things that need to be done in the future

Prospective Memory

A mental representation of the physical features in the enviornment

Cognitive Mapping

process of identifying an object as an instance of a category; recogizing similarities and dissimilarities

Categorization

an abstraction across many instances of a category

Prototype

Explored observational learning in children.

Albert Bandura

the process of transforming one situatio into another to meet a goal

Problem solving
systematic procedures that inevitably produce a solution

Algorithms

the tendency for people to ignore other possible functions of an object when they have a fixed function in mind

Functional fixedness

the tendency for people to search for confirmation of what they already believe

Confirmation bias

the process by which an individual weighs the pros and cons of different alternatives in order to make a choice

Decision making

cognition that involves conscious manipulation of representations

Explicit cognition

cognitive shortcuts for selecting among alternatives without carefully considering each one

Heuristics
cognition outside of awareness

Implicit cognition

the rules that govern the meanings of morphemes, words, phrases and sentences

Semantics

The initial learning of the stimulus response relationships

Acquisition

Fires when an animal acts and observes

Mirror Neurons