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175 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Perspective how the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences.
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Neuroscience Perspective
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Perspective of how natural selection of traits influence genes.
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Evolutionary Perspective
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Perspective on how genes and the environment effect behavior.
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Behavioral Genetics Perspective
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Perspective on how unconscious drives and early life experiences effect behavior.
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Psychodynamic Perspective
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Perspective on how we learn by observing.
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Behavioral Perspective
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Perspective on how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information.
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Cognitive Perspective
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Perspective on the influence of cultural and social situations.
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Social-Cultural Perspective
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Perspective on the psychological growth and human potential.
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Humanistic Perspective
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Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base.
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Basic Research
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Scientific study that aims to solve practical problems.
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Applied Research
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An observation technique in which one person is studied in hope of revealing universal principles.
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Case Study
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A technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of them.
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Survey
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Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation.
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Naturalistic Observation
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The nervous system is divided into ____ and ____ .
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Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system.
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This system controls the brain and spinal cord.
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Central Nervous System
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The ______ is divided into the autonomic and somatic systems.
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Peripheral Nervous System
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This system controls voluntary movement of skeletal muscle movement.
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Somatic System
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This system control self regulated internal organs and gland action.
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Autonomic System
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The ________ system is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.
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Autonomic
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The system that controls arousal, fight of flight, increases heart rate, shallow breathing, dilate pupils, slows digestion, dry mouth, etc.
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Sympathetic
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This system is calming, slows heart rate, increases digestion, contracts pupils, saliva increases, conserves energy, dry skin, etc
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Parasympathetic
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Records electrical activity in brain, diagnoses sleep disorders
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EEG, electroencephalogram
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Neuro-imaging of the brain, shows simple structures.
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CAT or CT
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Measures brain activity with glucose uptake.
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PET, positronemission tomography
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Shows simple structures of brain with magnetic field.
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MRI, magnetic resonance imaging
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Shows brain activity and analyzes blood flow.
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fMRI
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_____ controls vital reflexes, critical life functions.
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Medulla (brainstem, lower level structure)
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_____ coordinates movement between the left and right sides of the body.
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Pons (brainstem, lower level structure)
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_____ regulates attention, sleep, and arousal.
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Reticular formation (brainstem, lower level structure)
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_____ is a relay station for visual and auditory stimuli.
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Midbrain (brainstem, lower level structure)
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_____ controls voluntary movement, is leasioned will cause jerky movement. Called "little brain"
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Cerebellum (brainstem, lower level structures)
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______ is a relay station for all senses but smell. Mostly visual.
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Thalamus (Lower level structure)
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_____ forms new memories, it has a seahorse shape.
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Hippocampus (limbic system, lower level structure)
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_____ controls salt and water balance, rhythms, sexual behavior, sleep, hunger, thirst, body temp, releases hormones, etc.
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Hypothalamus (limbic system, lower level structure)
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_____ controls emotion, facial expressions, fear, identification.
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Amygdala (limbic system, Lower level structure)
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Where is somatosensory cotrex located?
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Parietial Lobe
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Drawing, non speaking _____ brain.
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Right brain
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Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation.
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Sensory adaption
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The focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus.
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Selective attention
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A theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimuli among background stimuli.
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Signal detection theory
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Detecting stimuli?
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Sensation
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Interpreting and organizing the information detected.
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Perception
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The minimum stimulation needed to detect a stimuli.
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Absolute threshold
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Learning by associating stimuli out of one's control.
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Classical conditioning.
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Your perception can be influenced by prior assumptions, beliefs, and experiences.
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Perceptual set
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An organized whole. We tend to integrate a cluster of sensations into gestalt.
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Gestalt theory
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In vision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field.
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Perception adaption
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mind to mind communication, sending thought to one another.
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Telepathy
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Perceiving remote events
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Clairvoyance
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Perceiving future events
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Precognition
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Shocks dogs, thinks there is a cognitive component, classical conditioning
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Robert Rescorla
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Taste aversions, biological predispositions, classical conditioning
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John Garcia
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"Little Albert", classical conditioning
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John Watson
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Reactions are put into animal/person and taught using reinforcement.
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Operant conditioning
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Bobo doll expiriment, observational learning and aggression
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Albert Bandura
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Thought we had no conscious choice, coined the term operant conditioning, thought behavior could be shaped and their is no emotion to it.
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B.F. Skinner
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Law of effect, operant conditioning
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Edward Thorndike
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cognitive map, latent learning, operant conditioning
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Edward Tolman
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Valued because it is paired with a primary reinforcer.
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Conditioned reinforcer
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Difficult to stop this processing, processes direction, space, time, and frequency.
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Automatic processing
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Encoding that requires attention and conscious efforts.
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Effortful processing
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Serial position effect
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Our tendency to recall the first and last items on a list the best.
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What mnemonic technique are acronyms?
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chunking
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Relating information you learn to what you already know.
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Self-reference effect.
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Pegword
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rhyming technique and visual stimuli.
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Method of loci
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walking through a location and attaching information to visual objects.
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Link system
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making a story of active motion using things that you need to remember.
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making a story of active motion using things that you need to remember.
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link system
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rhyming technique and visual stimuli.
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pegword
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3 types of encoding?
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visual, semantic, acoustic
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the encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words
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semantic encoding
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the encoding of a picture image
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visual encoding
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the encoding of sound and the sound of words
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acoustic encoding
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The ______ memory has a large capacity and includes the iconic and echoic memories.
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Sensory
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The ______ memory has a 30 second duration and can only hold 3 chunks without rehearsal or 7+-2 chunks with rehearsal.
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short-term or working
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echoic memory?
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short auditory echo, 3-4 seconds long, included in sensory memory
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iconic memory?
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short photographic image, 1/10th of a second
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The ______ memory has unlimited capacity
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long-term
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Life experiences you can declare are _____ and part of explicit memory.
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episodic
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Factual information and definitions is called ________ and is part of the explicit memory.
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semantic
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The long term memory that you can declare and talk about.
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explicit memory
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The long term memories without conscious awareness that involve procedural things.
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implicit memory.
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An increase in a synapse's firing potential after a brief, rapid stimulation.
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long-term potential.
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7 + or - 2, short term memory study
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George miller
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memory, rehearsal theory, forgetting curve
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Herman ebbinghaus
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rats and mazes, where are memories stored?
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Karl Lashley
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what are the reasons for forgetting?
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1. absent-minded
2. transience 3. blocking 4. misattribution 5. suggestibility 6. bias 7. persistence |
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Forgetting because you arent paying attention, there is an encoding failure is called _______
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absent-minded
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forgetting because you don't use the memories and they decay is called ______
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transience
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Forgetting because of a retrieval failure is called ________
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blocking
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Trying to recall old information, but the new information interferes with it is called _______
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retroactive interferance
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Trying to recall new information, but the old information is interfering is called ______
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proactive interference
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Forgetting the source of a memory, of having source confusion is called _____.
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misattribution
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Having your memories altered by the suggesting of new images and memories is called _________.
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suggestability
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false memory reconstruction after exposure to misinformation is called the _________
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mis-information effect
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We perceive an emotion because we are aroused.
a stimulus -> physical arousal and behavioral response -> emotion. |
James-Lange Theory of emotion
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Which emotion theory supports: You see a bear and your heart races and you sweat, leading to the emotion of fear.
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James-Lange Theory
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The physiological arousal and emotion start at the same time.
stimulus -> arousal and emotion -> behavioral response |
Cannon-bard theory
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You attach a cognitive label during physical arousal and then act appropriatly.
stimulus -> physical arousal + cognitive label -> emotion -> behavioral response |
Two-Factor theory
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Which emotion theory includes the spill-over effect?
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Two-factor theory
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The physiological effect spills over and other emotions are intensified.
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the spill-over effect.
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which theory of emotions explains why Jamie starts to feel attracted to John after he gives her a thrilling ride on his motorcycle?
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Two-factor theory
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Which gender-type behavior theory says that its based on rewards and punishments and observing and imitating models?
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Social Learning Theory
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Which gender-type behavior theory says that its based on the cultural learning of gender, then making a gender schema, and then having gender-organized thinking to form a gender-type behavior?
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Gender schema Theory
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Piagots stages?
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1. sensorimotor
2. preoperational 3. concrete operational 4. formal operational |
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Which of piaget's stages is: schemas, object permanence, and theory of mind?
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Sensorimotor
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Which of piaget's stages is: symbolic prelogical thought, egocentrism, conservation?
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Preoperational
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Which of piaget's stages is: logical thought limited to concrete reality, no hypothetical or abstract thinking?
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Concrete Operational
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Which of piaget's stages is: abstract thinking, moral reasoning?
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Formal operational
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Monkeys and attachment
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Harry Harlow
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mother and child attachment
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mary ainsworth
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interpreting a new experience using as existing schema.
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assimilation
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adapting the old schema to a new experience
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accomidation
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accumulated knowledge or verbal ability (life experiences)
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crystallized intelligence
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speed and ability to problem solve
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fluid intelligence
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Describe the eye structure.
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The right enters the pupil. The pupil regulates the amount of light entering the eye. The lens, behind the pupil, focuses the light into imaging. This process is accommodation. Rods and cons on the retina (inner eye surface) detect stimuli and send it to brain for recognition.
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An originally neutral stimulus becomes the _________ after its paired with a reward.
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conditioned stimulus
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The response to the conditioned stimulus is called the _________.
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conditioned response
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A __________ causes an automatic response/reflex response.
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unconditioned stimulus
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A __________ is the automatic, reflexive response that happens when presented with the unlearned ___________.
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unconditioned response, unconditioned stimulus
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How do you cause extinction in classical conditioning?
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Present the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus.
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long term memory is divided into ______ (procedural) and ___________, which can also be divided into __________ (life experience) and ________ ( information/facts).
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implicit, explicit, episodic, semantic
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The extent to which variation among individuals can be attributed to genes.
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heritability
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environmental factors have ______ impact on personality.
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No
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Environment __(does/does not)____ influence attitude, values, manners, faith, and political views.
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does
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inborn emotional excitability
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temperment
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describe prenatal development:
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1. Zygote - fertalized egg
2. Embryo - organ development, critical period, teratogens 3. Fetus - all neurons at birth |
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creating categories
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schemas
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objects exist even after you cannot see them
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object permanence
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allows us to infer what is going on in another's mind
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theory of mind
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child cannot see the world through another's eyes (hide and seek is just covering your eyes)
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egocentrism
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quantities of something are conserved, even if their shape changes
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conservation
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high in control, high in responsiveness
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authoritative
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high in control, low in responsiveness
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authoritarian
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low in control, low in responsiveness
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permissive indifferent
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low in control, high in responsiveness
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permissive indulgent
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what were parents? child is cheerful, high self-esteem, high self-confidence, high self-reliance.
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authoritative
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what were parents? child is insecure, aggressive, impulsive, no motivation, bad relationships.
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permissive indifferent
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what were parents? child is spoiled, immature and self-centered
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permissive indulgent
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what were parents? child has low self-esteem, poor school performance, moody, fearful, socially withdrawn.
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authoritarian
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personality structure that is: primitive, unconscious, impulsive, illogical, irrational, strives to satisfy sexual and aggressive drives.
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ID
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personality structure that is: partly conscious, rational mediator between ID and outside world, planful, has defense mech.
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EGO
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personality structure that is: partly conscious, internalized, deals with standards for judgment, moralistic, perfectionist.
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SUPEREGO
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we seek to gratify the ID impulses in realistic ways that will bring long term pleasure rather then pain and destruction
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reality principle, EGO
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immediate satisfaction principle
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pleasure principle, ID
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sexual impulses are released in appropriate ways
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sublimation
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attributing one's own unacceptable impulses on others behavior
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projection
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refusal to ackowledge anxiety provoking info.
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denial
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exaggerated expressions of opposite behavior
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reaction formation
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retreating to an earlier, more infantile stage
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regression
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pleasure in chewing, biting, sucking. feud's stage.
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freuds oral stage 1
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pleasure in bowel and bladder elimination, oping for demands with control.
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freuds anal stage 2
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oedipus complex, castration anxiety, penis envy.
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freuds phallic stage 3
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dormant sexual images, identify through same sex peers. freud
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freuds latency stage 4
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maturation of sexual interest. freud
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freuds genital stage 5
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Freud's psychosexual stages:
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1. oral
2. anal 3. phallic 4. latency 5. genital |
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carl rogers worked with ________ perspective.
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humanistic
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realistic and positive perapective on life. your self concept and actions aligne.
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congruence
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humanistic perspective, genuine, accepting
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carl rogers
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psychodynamic perspective
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freud
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the big five theory?
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1. conscientiousness
2. agreebleness 3. neuroticism 4. openess 5. extrversion |
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the interaction of behavior, cognition, and environment is the _________ perspective.
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social-cognitive
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reciprical determination
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the interaction of behavior, cognition, and environment.
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internal locus of control
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you control your own destiny.
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external locus of control
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learned helplessness, world impacts your future.
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OTHERS behave due to internal factors
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fundamental attribution error
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Actor behaves due to external forces and Observor behaves due to internal causes.
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Actor-Observor discrepency
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the victim as at fault for being in that situation.
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blaming the victim
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if we have success, its because of an internal cause
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self serving bias
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persuasions under rule of reprocity?
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door-in-face technique and thats-not-all technique
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rule of commitment persuasions tech.?
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foot-in-door and low-ball
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behavior componant of prejudice?
cognitive componant of prejudice? emotion componant of prejudice? |
discrimination
stereotypes fear, anger, envy |
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influence on agression?
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extra Y chromosome, amygdala and hypothalamus, testosterone
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____ serotonin _______ impulsivity.
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low, increase OR high, decrease
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The model that says there a multiple causes to disorders, including biological, social, and psychological.
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Bio-Psychosocial Model
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