Psychology Final

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subjective well-being

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self-perceivedhappiness or satisfaction with life. Usedalong with measures of objective wellbeing(for example, physical and economicindicators) to evaluate people’squality of life.

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positive/negative emotion approach

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positive emotion approach: less frequently studied in psychology

negative emotion approach: more often studied in psychology (study of depression, anxiety, etc.)

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mindfulness

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is a state of active, open attention on the present. When you're mindful, you observe your thoughts and feelings from a distance, without judging them good or bad. Instead of letting your life pass you by, mindfulness means living in the moment and awakening to experience.

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Daoism

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a spiritual, philosophical and religious tradition of Chinese origin that emphasizes living in harmony with the Tao (also romanized as Dao). The term Tao means "way", "path", or "principle", and can also be found in Chinese philosophies and religions other than Taoism.

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hedonic adaptation

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the observed tendency of humans to quickly return to a relatively stable level of happiness despite major positive or negative events or life changes

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easterlin paradox

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Easterlin argued that while within a given country, people with higher incomes were more likely to report being happy, this would not hold at a national level, creating an apparent paradox

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inclusion of self in other

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allowing romantic partner to be in yourself/blurring lines between you and them

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Four Horsemen of the Relationship Apocolypse

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Criticism vs. complaint, contempt, defensiveness, stonewalling (if you have any of these, you're doomed)

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strategies to improve relationships

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sex, de-escalation, perspective taking, novelty

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eudaimonia

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refers to a state of having a good indwelling spirit or being in a contented state of being healthy, happy and prosperous

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psychopharmacology

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the study of the use of medications in treating mental disorders

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antipsychotic drugs

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help to stabilize moods

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psychosurgery

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the neurosurgical treatment of mental disorder

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lobotomy

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consists of cutting or scraping away most of the connections to and from the prefrontal cortex, the anterior part of the frontal lobes of the brain

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toxic thought patterns

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negative schema of the world, contributes to thoughts regarding hoplessness

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anxiety disorders

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panic, social anxiety, phobias

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schizophrenia

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positive symptoms (not seen in others): hallucinations, delusions, thought disorders, movement disorders

negative symptoms: reduced speaking, pleasure, ability to begin tasks, flat affect

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humanism

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attaching prime importance to human rather than divine or supernatural matters ( client-centered approach; active listening& unconditional positive regard)

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behavior therapy

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look more at specific, learned behaviors and how the environment influences those behaviors

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systematic desensitization

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commonly used to treat fear, anxiety disorders and phobias. Using this method, the person is engaged in some type of relaxation exercise and gradually exposed to an anxiety producing stimulus, like an object or place

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the fundamental attribution error

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the tendency for people to place an undue emphasis on internal characteristics (personality) to explain someone else's behavior in a given situation rather than considering the situation's external factors

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zimbardo study

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Stanford Prison Exp: guards enforced authoritarian measures and ultimately subjected some of the prisoners to psychological torture

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milgram study

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on obedience to authority figures: shocks

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scarcity

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humans place a higher value on an object that is scarce, and a lower value on those that are abundant

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cognitive dissonance theory

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tendency for individuals to seek consistency among their cognitions (i.e., beliefs, opinions). When there is an inconsistency between attitudes or behaviors (dissonance), something must change to eliminate the dissonance

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foot-in-the-door

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compliance tactic that involves getting a person to agree to a large request by first setting them up by having that person agree to a modest request

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Asch line study

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saying a line is longer when it's shorter since everyone else said it was longer

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pluralistic ignorance

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a situation in which a majority of group members privately reject a norm, but incorrectly assume that most others accept it, and therefore go along with it

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normative social influence

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the influence of other people that leads us to conform in order to be liked and accepted by them

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informational social influence

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When we do not know how to behave, we copy other people

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just-world phenomenon

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We tend to believe that the world is, on the whole, fair, and that wrongs will be punished and rights rewarded at some time in the indeterminate future

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social facilitation

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perform differently when in the presence of others than when alone

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deindividuation

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the loss of self-awareness in groups

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group polarization

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when placed in group stuations, people will make decisions and form opinions to more of an extreme than when they are in individual situations

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group think

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the desire for harmony or conformity in the group results in an irrational or dysfunctional decision-making outcome

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explicit prejudice (old-fashioned vs. modern)

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old fashioned: just really racist

modern: masking racism by placing it in social issues which are up for debate (like the wall)

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implicit prejudice

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much more masked, e.g: aversive racism

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the IAT

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harvard test for implicit racism

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aversive prejudice

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the idea that one has implicit prejudice but explicitly condemns it, so in order to not have cognitive dissonance, they avoid interacting with that race completely

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egalitarianism

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believing in the principle that all people are equal and deserve equal rights and opportunities

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Robbers Cave Study

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Sherif argued that intergroup conflict (i.e. conflict between groups) occurs when two groups are in competition for limited resources

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realistic conflict

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intergroup hostility can arise as a result of conflicting goals and competition over limited resources, and it also offers an explanation for the feelings of prejudice and discrimination toward the outgroup that accompany the intergroup hostility

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social identity theory

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a person's sense of who they are based on their group membership(s)

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bystander effect

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individuals do not offer any means of help to a victim when other people are present

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superordinate goals

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goals that require the cooperation of two or more people or groups to achieve, which usually results in rewards to the groups

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fast-friends task

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becoming friends based on certain questions asked

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Marshmellow Test

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testing for self control, knowing delayed gratification, predicts success later

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regulation

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acting in your best interest for the long run

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response modulation

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the ability to respond to the ongoing demands of experience with the range of emotions in a manner that is socially tolerable and sufficiently flexible to permit spontaneous reactions as well as the ability to delay spontaneous reactions as needed (regulating your moods)

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situation selection

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directing one's attention towards or away from an emotional situation (distraction, rumination, worry.. etc.)

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Pennebaker Writing Task

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expressive writing results in significant improvements in various biochemical markers of physical and immune functioning

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Fixed vs. Growth mindset

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A “fixed mindset” assumes that our character, intelligence, and creative ability are static

A “growth mindset,” on the other hand, thrives on challenge and sees failure not as evidence of unintelligence but as a heartening springboard for growth

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operationalization

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the process of strictly defining variables into measurable factors

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statistical significance

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.95 accurate

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effect size

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quantitative measure of the strength of a phenomenon

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EEA

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the set of historically recurring selection pressures that formed a given adaptation

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down regulation

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a cell decreases the quantity of a cellular component, such as RNA or protein, in response to an external variable EXCESS DRUGS

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long term potentiation

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a persistent strengthening of synapses based on recent patterns of activity. These are patterns of synaptic activity that produce a long-lasting increase in signal transmission between two neurons

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anchoring

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a cognitive bias that describes the common human tendency to rely too heavily on the first piece of information offered (the "anchor") when making decisions (initial offer for a car, if it goes up or down, response depends on that first anchor)

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sensory integration

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refers to the way the nervous system receives messages from the senses and turns them into appropriate motor and behavioral responses

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difference threshold

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the smallest amount by which two sensory stimuli can differ in order for an individual to perceive them as different

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sensory adaptation

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a change over time in the responsiveness of the sensory system to a constant stimulus. It is usually experienced as a change in the stimulus. For example, if one rests one's hand on a table, one immediately feels the table's surface on one's skin

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JND (just noticeable difference)

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the amount something must be changed in order for a difference to be noticeable, detectable at least HALF the time

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dual processing

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the two processes consist of an implicit (automatic), unconscious process and an explicit (controlled), conscious process.

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serial processing vs. parallel

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serial: attending to and processing one item at a time (memory)

parallel: processing a lot at once

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gestalt

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tries to understand the laws of our ability to acquire and maintain meaningful perceptions in an apparently chaotic world

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chunking

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individual pieces of information are bound together into a meaningful whole (w/ context of consciousness)

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belief perseverance

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(mom) tendency to cling to one's initial belief even after receiving new information that contradicts or dis- confirms the basis of that belief

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over-confidence

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person's subjective confidence in his or her judgments is reliably greater than the objective accuracy of those judgments, especially when confidence is relatively high

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motor development

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refers to changes in children's ability to control their body's movements, from infants' first spontaneous waving and kicking movements to the adaptive control of reaching, locomotion, and complex sport skills

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attachment theory

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attempts to describe the dynamics of long-term and short-term interpersonal relationships between humans

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positive reinforcement

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involves the addition of areinforcing stimulus following a behavior that makes it more likely that the behavior will occur again in the future

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law of "effect"

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responses that produce a satisfying effect in a particular situation become more likely to occur again in that situation, and responses that produce a discomfortingeffect become less likely to occur again in that situation

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hippocampus

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center of memory or emotion

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three stage process model

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sensory, short term memory, long term memory

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working memory

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responsible for the transient holding, processing, and manipulation of information. Working memory is an important process for reasoning and the guidance of decision making and behavior.