Psychology Final

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The study of age related changes in behavior and mental processes throughout the lifespan is called

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developmental psychology

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The ? method of developmental data collection follows one person over time, and provides information about ?

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longitudinal; age changes

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Differences in age groups that reflect factors unique to a specific age group, rather than being due to developmental changes, are called ? effects

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cohort

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Teratogens are ? than can cause birth defects

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environmental agents

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This is the first stage of prenatal development, characterized by rapid cell division

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Germinal period

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The fetal period lasts from?

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8 weeks to birth

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The first motor movements a newborn exhibits are limited to ?

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reflexes

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Synaptic pruning refers to the ? that helps strengthen connection b/w neurons

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natural reduction of unused synapses

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What sensory systems is most poorly developed at birth?

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vision

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This refers to biological changes during adolescence that lead to an adult sized body and sexual maturity

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puberty

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? is the psychological development that occurs during the period b/w childhood and adulthood

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Adolescence

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? is the onset of menstruation in females; ? is the first ejaculation in males

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Menarche; sperarche

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Pubic hair, breasts, facial hair, and deepening of the voice are called?

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secondary sex characteristics

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? aging results from disease, disuse, or neglect

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secondary

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Primary aging?

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refers to gradual and inevitable changes in physical and mental lprocesses

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? was one of the first scientists to prove that a child's cognitive processes are fundamentally different from an adult's

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Piaget

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Cognitive structure that consist of a number of organized ideas that grow and differentiate with experience are called ?

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schemas

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Assimilation occurs when new information is ?

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absorbed into existing schemas

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The four stages of Piaget's cognitive development model are ?

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sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational

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Once a child can perform mental operations on concrete objects, and understand the principles of conservation and reversibility, she has reached Piaget's ? stage

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concrete operational

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? is the ability to understand that certain physical characteristics remain unchanged, even when their outward appearance changes

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Conservation

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The ability to think abstractly or hypothetically occurs in Piaget's ? stage

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formal operational

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? is a strong affectionate bond with special others that endures over time

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Attachment

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? is an innate form of learning within a critical period that involves attachment to the first, large moving object seen

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imprinting

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The ability to empathize with others and distinguish b/w right and wrong is called ?

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morality

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Kohlbergbelieved his stages of moral development to be ?

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univeral and invariant

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Once an individual has accepted and internalized the rules and values of societ, that person has advanced to the ? level of moral development

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conventional

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An infant's inborn disposition is known as

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temperament

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Thomas and Chess's concept of ? says that parents should work with not try to change, their child's temperament

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goodness- of-fit

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In Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, the establishment of a sense of self and a role in society is dependent upon successfully resolving which of the following changes

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identity vs. role confusion

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According to ERikson's theory, the dominamt crisis of adolescence concerns ?

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establishing an identity

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Erikson's identity crisis refers to ?

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the inner conflict related to serious soul-searching

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Resolution of the critical conflict of young adulthood will, according to Erikson, lead to a sense of ?

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Intimacy

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One of the clearest identifiers of abuse potential is

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impulsivity

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The major detrimental difference b/w individualistic and collectivist cultures is

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which needs and goals are emphasized

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? has consistently been found to be a key factor in successful marriages

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Realistic expectations

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What is the most common reason for girls dropping out of high school

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pregnancy

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A child who can adapt effectively in the face of threats is demonstrating

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resiliency

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The ? theory of aging suggests that successful adjustment is fostered by a full and active commitment to life

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activity

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The ? theory of aging suggests that adjustment to retirement is fostered by mutual withdrawal b/w the elderly and society

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disengagement

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Deliberately choosing to reduce the number of social cntacts in favor of familiar people who provide meaningful interactions is an example of ? theory of aging

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socioemotional selectivity

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The greatest challenge for the elderly in the US is

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ageism

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Research on aging in the US indicates that elderly men generally have more ? than elderly women

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income

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Research on aging in the US indicates that elderly women have more ? than elderly men

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friends

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Grieving peopl generally begin with the ? stage, and end with the ? stage

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numbness; resolution

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What concept is considered inevitable, permanent, universal and nonfunctional

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death

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what is the correct sequence of Kubler-Ross's stage theory of dying

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denial/anger/bargaining/depression/acceptance

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The study of death and dying is known as

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thanatology

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? refers to one's biological state of being male or female

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Sex

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refers to the psychologican and socioculutral meanings added to the biological state of being male or female

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Gender

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Pat has an XY chromosome pattern and likes to play with trucks. The XY pattern is characteristic of Pat's ? and playing with trucks is characteristic of his ?

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sex; gender

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Your ? is related to societal expectations for "normal and appropriate" behavior for your biological sex

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gender role

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Individuals who have the genitals and secondary sex characteristics of one sex, but feel as if they belong to other sex are known as ?

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transsexuals

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If a person is erotically attracted to members of their same sex, that individual is called?

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gay or lesbian

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Your primary erotic attraction toward others isreferred to as your?

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sexual orientation

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An individual who engages in both herosexual and homosexual relations is referred to as ?

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bisexual

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A combination of both "male" and "female" personality traits is called ?

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androgyny

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Who were three major contributors to today's knowledge about sexuality

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Ellis; Kinsey; Masters and johnson

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Havelock Ellis used ? to study human sexuality

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himself

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Viewing one's own ethnic group as central and "correct" while judging the rest of the world according to this standard is known as ?

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ethnocentrism

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Which of the following has been formally opposed by the United Nations and the World Health Organization

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Female genital mutilation

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The discharge of seman and seminal fluid from the penis during orgasm is called ?

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ejaculation

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The body returns to its unaroused state in the ? phase of sexual arousal

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Resolution

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The period following oragsm, during which it is considered physiologically impossible for most men to be further excited to orgasm, is called the ? period

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refractory

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Most Sexually Transmitted Infections:

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are readily cured in the early stages

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Your textbook defines a sexual dysfunction as

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an impairment of the normal physiological processes of arousal and orgasm

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The current position of theAmerican Psychiatric Association and the American Psycological Association is that homosexuality

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is not a mental illness

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For both men and women, the inabilith to respond to sexual stimulation to the point of orgasm is defined in the text as

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orgasmic dysfunction

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The fear of being judged in connection with sexual behavior is called

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performance anxiety

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With regard to sexuality ? is the set of beliefs, values, and norms that subtly encourage male sexuality and discourage female sexuality

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the double standard

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? are socially dictated descriptions of acceptable sexual behavior

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Sexual scripts

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Women can't be raped against their will; and secretly want to be raped/ A man cannot be raped by a woman./ Men have little control over their biologically overpowering sex drive are ?

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All all myths about rape

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Motivation is best defined as

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the set of factors that activate, direct and maintain behavior toward a goal

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Emotion is best defined as

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a subjective feeling that includes arousal, cognitions, and behavioral expressions

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A behavior pattern that is unlearned, and found in almost all members of a species is called

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an instinct

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In the ? of motivation a lack or a deficiency of something creates a state of tension which motivates us to reduce the deficiency

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drive-reduction theory

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? is the body's tendency to maintain a relatively stable state for internal processes

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Homeostasis

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? theory suggests that organisms are motivated to achieve and maintain an ideal or optimal level of stimulation that maximizes their performance

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Optimal arousal

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Sensation seeking is related to ?

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the arousal motive

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? theories emphasize the importance of attributions and expectancies in motivating behaviors

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Cognitive

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The theory that some motives have to be satisfied before a person can advance to fulfilling higher motives is based on

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Maslow's hierarchy of needs

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Hunger, arousal, and achievement are three basic

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motives

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? is a feeling of fullness that has an effect on the perception of hunger.

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Satiety

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The heat generated in response to food ingestion is called ?

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thermogenesis

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The brain's "eating center" is found ?

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throughout the brain

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? involves extreme weight loss due to an obsessive fear of obesity and self-imposed starvation

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Anorexia nervosa

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? involves consuming large quantities of food followed by self-induce vomiting, the use of laxatives, or extreme exercise.

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Bulimia nervosa

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Research has shown that men in a state of fear may be more attracted to women than men in a relaxed state. THis is primarily due to:

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misattribution of arousal

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In a ? the cheek muscles are pulled back, and the muscles around the eyes also contract.

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Duchenne smile

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This theory says that emotions are physiologically similar and are due to simultaneous arousal, cognitive, and behavioral expressions.

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Cannon-Bard

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The belief that movements of the facial muscles produce or intensify emotional reactions is the

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facial feedback hypothesis

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According to ? bodily arousal must be labeled or interpreted for an emotional experience to occur

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Schachter's two-factor theory

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Complex emotions like jealousy, embarrassment, or love are best explained by

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Schacter's two-factor theory

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Intrinsic motivation comes from

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personal employment

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Extrinsic motivation is sbased on

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the desire for rewards or threats of punishment

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Knowing and managing one's emotions, empathizing with other's and maintaining satisfying relationships are the key factors in ?

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emotional intnelligence

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An individual's relatively stable and enduring pattern of thoughts, feelings, and actions is known as his or her

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personality

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A relatively stable and consistent characteristic that can be used to describe someone is known as

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trait

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A statistical procedure used to determine the most basic units contained in a large array of data

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factor analysis

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Compared to ? theories that describe personality, ? theories attempt to explain personality

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trait; psychoanalytic

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According to Freud, the thought and info that you are currently aware of, or remembering, is called your ?

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conscious

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The thoughts and motives that lie beyond a person's normal awaareness are found in what Freud calls the ?

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unconscious

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A husband says, "this is my mother...I mean my wife , Sylvia." is an example of a ?

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Freudian slip

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according to Freud the three mental structures that form personality are the ?

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id, ego, and superego

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The ? principle asserts that the ego tries to meet the demands of the id, superego and the realities of the environment

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reality

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Defense mechanisms are strategies employed by the ? to reduce anxiety and avoid conflict

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ego

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The first and most basic defense mechanism, which block unacceptable impulses from coming into awareness is called ?

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regression

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The five developmental periods during which particular kinds of pleasures must be gratified for personality development to proceed normally are known as

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Freud's psychosexual stages of development

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Three of the most influential neo-freudians were ?

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Adler, Jung, and Horney

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According to Adler, feelings of helplessness and imcompetence during childhood results in ?

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an inferiority complex

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according to Jung, the primitive images and patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behavior that reside in the collective unconscious are called

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archetypes

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according to horney, adults who were neglected or isolated in a hostile environment as children experience helplessness and insecurity as adults which she called

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basic anxiety

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one of psychology's most spirited debates is currently about

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self esteem

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unconditional positive regard is a rogerian term for

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positive behavior toward a person without attaching any contingencies

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the innate tendency toward growth that motivates all human behavior and results in the full realization of a person's highest potential is called

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self actualization

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according to bandura ? involves a person's belief about whether he or she can successfully engage in behaviors related to personal goals

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self efficacy

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according to ? thoughts behavior and the environment all interact to produce personality

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reciprocal determinism

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The ? approach represents a blending of several theories of personality

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biopsychosocial

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the most widely used personality test is the MMPI or the ? inventory

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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality

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The use of ambiguous unstructured stimuli to assess personality is called ? tessting

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projective

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Which of the four d's is the "exception rather than the rule."

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danger

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the ? assumes that abnormal behavior is due to physical causes that can be be diagnosed, treated and possibly cured

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medical model

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? is the specialized branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis treatment and prevention of mental disorders

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psychiatry

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the classification system produced by the american psychiatric association and used to describe abnormal behaviors is called the dsm-iv-tr, dsm is an abberiviation for

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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

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? is a legal term for people with a mental disorder that implies a lack of responsibility for their behavior and an inability to manage their affairs

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insanity

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this is a fear or discomfort that arises abruptly and usually involves frear one is dying

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panic attack

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anxiety disorders are

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characterized by unrealistic, irrational fear

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chronic, uncontrollable, excessive worrying about nothing in particular is associated with

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generalized anxiety disorder

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Sudden inexplicable episodes of intense fear with an impending sense of doom are associated with

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panic disorder

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the two main types of mood disorders are

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major depression and bipolar disorder

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a major depressive disorder is best characterized by

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a long-lasting depressed mood that interferes with functioning, pleasure, and life interests.

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this is an excessive and unreasonable state of excitement which may include impulsive behavior

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Mania

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someone who experiences episodes of mania, or cycles b/w mania and depression, has a ?

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bipolar disorder

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What is true of suicide

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a family history of suicide increases a person's risk for suicide

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If you suspect a friend might be considering suicide what should you do?

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ask your friend if he is thinking of hurting himself

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this is a thought disturbance characterized by mistaken beliefs that are maintained in spite of strong evidence to the contrary

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delusion

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the presence of two or more disorders in the same person at the same time

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co-morbidity

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many people who have a mental disoder use ? to self medicate or reduce their symptoms

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alcohol

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? is related to losing one's sense of reality and feeling estranged from oneself

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depesonalization

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a condition in which two or more distinct personalities are present, at differnt times, in the same person is called ?

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dissociative identity disorder DID

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the presence of inflexible, maladaptive personality traits that significantly impair social and occupational functioning is characteristic of

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personality disorders

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egocentrism, lack of a conscience, disregard for the rights of others, impulsive behavior, lack of remorse/guilt, and charisma are characteristic of someone ?

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with an antisocial personality disorder

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A preoccupation with one's own concerns, and insensitivity to the perscpective or needs of others, is defined as ? in your text

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egocentrism

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This disoder is characterized by impulsivity, hyper-sexuality, and instability of mood, relationships, and self-image

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Borderline personality disorder

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the system of psychotherapy developed by Freud that seeks to bring unconscious conflicts into conscious awareness is known as

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psychoanalysis

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in psychoanalysis, free association refers to

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reporting whatever comes to mind without monitoring its contents

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the name of a psychodynamically-based, brief form of therapy identified in your text is

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interpersonal therapy

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this form of therapy focuses on faulty thought processes and beliefs to treat problem behaviors

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cognitive therapy

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cognitive therap alters ? the things people say to themselves when they interpret events

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self-talk

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the process by which the therapist and client work to change destructive ways of thinking is called ?

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cognitive restructuring

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Ellis' approach to cognitive therapy attempts to eliminate self defeating beliefs through rational examination. He named his approach REBT or ? therapy

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rational emotive behavior

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Beck practices ? which attempts to change not only destructive thought and beliefs, but the associated behaviors as well

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cognitive behavior therapy

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? therapy helps clients to adjust their affective or emotional experiences in order to maximize personal growth

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Humanistic

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an insightful awareness, and ability to share another person's inner experience is called ?

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empathy

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the nonjudgmental attitude and genuine caring that a therapist expresses toward a client is called

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unconditional positive regard

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the awareness of one's true inner thoughts and feelings, and the ability to share them authentically with others, is called ? in Rogerian therapy

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genuineness

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this is listening with total attention by reflecting, paraphrasing, and clarifying

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active listening

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? multiple people meet together to work toward therapeutic goals

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group therapy

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This type of group does not have a professional leader, and members assist each other in coping with a specific problem

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self-help

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? therapy uses techniques based on learning principles to change maladaptive behavior

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behavior

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this is a gradual process of extinguishing a learned fear-response by associating a hierarchy of fear evoking stimuli with deep relaxation

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systematic desenitization

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? creates anxiety by pairing an unpleasant stimulus with a maladaptive behavior in order to decrease by the behavior

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aversion therapy

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in behavior therapy ? techniques use shaping and reinforcement to increase adaptive behaviors, and punishment and extinction to decrease maladaptive behaviors

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operant conditioning

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this type of therapy involves watching and imitating appropriate models who demonstrate desirable behaviors

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modeling

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? modeling combines live modeling with direct and gradual practice

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participant

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behaviorists reply to criticisms of their treatment approach by saying

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behavior therapy increases personal control by making the rewards and punishments that influence behavior obvious

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drugs that create feelings of calmness, reduce muscle tension, and lower sympathetic activity in the brain are called

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antianxiety drugs

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traditional antipsychotics appear to

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decrease activity at a dopamine receptors

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The study of how other people influence our thoughts, feelings, and actions is called _____.

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social psychology

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The principles people follow in making judgments about the causes of events, others' behavior, and their own behavior are known as _____.

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attribution

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A stranger walking in front of you trips. You assume this is because he is clumsy, rather than considering the fact that the sidewalk might be uneven. You have just committed _____.

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the fundamental attribution error

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When you attempt to maintain a positive self-image by taking credit for your successes and emphasizing external causes for your failures, you are engaged in _____.

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the self-serving bias

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_____ is a learned, generally negative, attitude toward members of a group.

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prejudice

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A set of beliefs about the characteristics of people in a group that is generalized to all group members is called a _____.

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stereotypes

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Need _____ is the sharing of similar needs.

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compatibility

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Need _____ is the tendency to be attracted to people whose qualities we admire but personally lack.

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complementarity

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A strong and lasting attraction characterized by trust, caring, tolerance, and friendship is called _____.

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companionate love

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This is the change in behavior due to real or imagined group pressure

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Conformity

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When someone has a need for approval and acceptance by a group, they often conform to the norms set by that group. This is called _____ social influence

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normative