Psychology Final

Front 1

What is psychology?

Back 1

The science and study of behavior and mental processes

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Plato

Back 2

Encouraged students to "know thyself"

Front 3

Rene Decartes

Back 3

Dualism: mind and body separate

Front 4

John Locke

Back 4

-Humans were born a blank slate
-Led to Empiricism
*Belief that all knowledge comes from experience (therefore, alls you have to do is observe humans to understand them)

Front 5

Modern Psych

Back 5

By the mid 20th century, many "SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT" were formed

Debate focused on how to study psychological concepts

Front 6

Structuralism

Back 6

-The mind could be studied through self reflection
-Focus should be on personal thoughts

Titchener (Founding father), Wilhelm Wundt

Front 7

Functionalism

Back 7

-Focused more on WHY we have thoughts, not just what they are

-All thoughts can have an adaptive value

Front 8

Psychoanalysis

Back 8

-Unconscious motives and conflicts drive us

Sigmund Freund

Front 9

Behaviorism

Back 9

-Observation & recording of behavior (Watson, Skinner, Pavlov)

Front 10

Humanism

Back 10

-Humans are driven by their need for love & acceptance (Rogers, Maslow)

Front 11

Neuroscience

Back 11

How body/brain enable emotions, memory, sensory experiences

Jealousy (BOULEY FIGHT)

Front 12

Evolutionary

Back 12

Natural selection of traits promotes perpetuation of genes

Protecting your own

Front 13

Behavior genetics

Back 13

Our genes/environment influence individual differences

Maybe dad was fighter

Front 14

Psychodynamic

Back 14

Behavior springs from unconscious drives/conflicts

Person is unconsciously reminded of someone they hate

Front 15

Behavioral

Back 15

How we learn observable responses

TV

Front 16

Cognitive

Back 16

Encode, process, store & retrieve information

Boy fought when he was little, so has aggression

Front 17

Subfields of Modern Psych

Back 17

-Clinical/counseling (therapy)
-Experimental (research)
-Industrial/organization (business, hiring)
-Development (Dev. of humans)
-Educational

Front 18

Control Group

Back 18

Subjects are given a placebo or nothing at all

Front 19

Experimental Group

Back 19

Subjects who are given a real substance/condition

Front 20

Double Blind Procedure

Back 20

Neither subject or experimenter should know who was assigned to each group

Front 21

Random assignment

Back 21

Subjects should be randomly assigned to the groups

Front 22

Case Study

Back 22

Study 1 individual in great depth over a period of time

Could be a minority example (smoker lives a long time)

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Survey

Back 23

Asking people to report on their behavior or opinions

Wording can be misleading, people lie, hard to get a large sample size

Front 24

Naturalistic Observation

Back 24

Describing observed behavior

Hard to get a large sample size, bias - does the experimenter see what they want to see?

Front 25

Correlation

Back 25

Using numbers to describe the strength of a relationship between 2 traits or behaviors (ONLY SHOWS A RELATIONSHIP)

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Positive Correlation

Back 26

Closer to 1 (both variables ^)

Front 27

Negative Correlation

Back 27

Closer to -1 (1 variable ^, the other decreases)

Front 28

No Correlation

Back 28

No clear relationship

Front 29

Illusory Correlation

Back 29

Believing there is a correlation even though there isn't

Front 30

Standard Deviation

Back 30

A measure of how far a score differs from a mean

Front 31

Dendrites (D,C,A,T)

Back 31

-Receive messages
-Tells Myelin Sheath to accept (or not) messages

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Axon

Back 32

-Location where action/rest is determined

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Myelin Sheath

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-Fatty tissue
-Only allows certain things to enter

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Action Potential

Back 34

-If this occurs, cell has to regroup before firing again (Refractory period)

-Neurons fire all or none

Front 35

Terminal branches

Back 35

-Pass messages to other cells
-Bulbs hover over dendrites of other cells

Front 36

Brain Research Techniques

Back 36

-Recording: Records firing neurons with an electrode

-EEG: Measures overall brain activity (method of comparison)

-Cat Scan: X-ray of the brain

-MRI: Use of magnets stops atoms from spinning so a picture can be taken

-Pet Scan: Measures glucose, uses thermal (Brighter colors - more neuron activity), used to understand brain activity *MOST USEFUL

-Stimulation: Uses electrodes, magnets, or chemicals to induce firing in a certain spot of the brain (Hypothalamus - Fat Rat) (Temporal lobe - music Penfield)

-Lesion: cutting or burning of neural connections
(Hypothalamus - never eat)
(Temporal lobe - no agression)

Front 37

Cerebral Cortex

Back 37

-Thin layer on top of the brain divided into 4 lobes; ultimate control and information processing center

Front 38

Frontal Lobe

Back 38

Motor cortex - speech, muscle movement, planning, personality

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Parietal Lobe

Back 39

Sensory cortex - mainly sensations

Front 40

Temporal Lobe

Back 40

Auditory cortex - hearing

Front 41

Occipital Lobe

Back 41

Visual cortex - sight

Front 42

Left Frontal Lobe

Back 42

Broca's Area: damage here won't be able to speak (controls speech muscles)

Wernicke's area: Controls the understanding and meaning of words we hear

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Parallel Processing

Back 43

Multiple brain parts are active at once

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Lower brain structures

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Brainstem: meeting place of brain & spinal cord

Medulia: helps regulate heartbeat & breathing

Reticular Formation: network of nerves within Medulia that helps with stimulus filtration & communication between hemispheres

Thalamus: Receives info. from senses (not smell)

Cerebellum: Mini brain that coordinates voluntary movements

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The Limbic System

Back 45

Emotional center of our brain

-Amygdala: associated with aggression and fear (lesion creates a mellow state)

-Hypothalamus regulates hunger, thirst, temperature, sexual behavior
*Reward center
*Pathways release Dopamine

Hippocampus: linked to memory

Influences Pituitary Gland to secrete hormones (PG: endocrine gland)

Front 46

The Endocrine System

Back 46

-Slower chemical message system of the brain
-Responsible for secreting hormones

a. Adrenal Gland: Involved in fight or flight, provides energy boost

b. Pituitary Gland: Involved in sexual behavior & function controlled by hypothalamus

Front 47

Hindsight Bias

Back 47

"I knew it all along"

Front 48

False Consensus Effect

Back 48

Tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors

Front 49

Central Nervous System

Back 49

Formed by the brain and spinal cord

Front 50

Peripheral Nervous System

Back 50

Links the central nervous system with the rest of the body

*Autonomic Nervous System: Controls the glands and muscles of our internal organs (heartbeat)

-Sympathetic: arousal
-Parasympathetic: calming

*Somatic: Enables voluntary control of skeletal muscles

Front 51

Corpus Callosum

Back 51

Connects the two brain hemispheres

Front 52

Aphasia

Back 52

Impaired use of language, maybe can't read or speak