Psychology Exam-Motivation

Front 1

Motivation

Back 1

vigor and persistence of goal directed behavior, helps move us towards our goals

Front 2

Evolutionary Theory

Back 2

motivation plays a significant role in adaption, social need to affiliate, share resources, provide protection, procreation

Front 3

Homeostasis-biological needs

Back 3

tendency for the body to want to maintain a state of consistency(get too cold-you shiver)

Front 4

Hunger/Food-biological needs

Back 4

energy is necessary for maintenance and growth. Search for a balanced diet (body needs protein)

Front 5

Hypothalamus

Back 5

primary structure of the brain which signals hunger and satiation (fullness)

Front 6

Hypothalams: lateral side

Back 6

Lateral (near side): turns hunger “on”. Stimulation yields increased eating. A lesion or damage can cause starvation (lesion on lateral you become lean)

Front 7

Hypothalamus: Ventromedial side

Back 7

Ventromedial (lower, middle) : is the hunger “off”. Stimulation stops eating. Lesion or damage can cause voracious eating ( lesion on ventromedial makes you volumptuous)

Front 8

Factor impacting eating behavior: Biological factor

Back 8

Biological Factors
-Genetics influence metabolism
-Bodily sensations: growl, distention
-Chemical signals to the body (body responds to glucose)
-Genetic mapping of “obesity genes” (thyroid functioning)

Front 9

Factor impating eating behavior: Social Factor

Back 9

-Environmental influences on eating behaviors
-Complex and multiply determined
Eat more in groups (in restaurants w/ friends)
-Expectation and memory of meals (they “think” they should be eating b/c its “dinner time”, I am supposed to eat)
-Palatability (eat b/c it tastes good, you are there)
-Social interactions

Front 10

Factor impacting eating behavior: Psychological Facors

Back 10

-Thinking about food and what it “means”
-Learned food habits/preferences
-Memories associated with food (smell of almonds or hotdogs at football game)
-Belief and feelings regarding body images(“are you sure you want a second helping?)
-Cultural variations; robust=higher class (heavier set may be better in a different culture)
-Food as a “substitute” for love, sex (when your mad, or sad and you eat ice cream)

Front 11

Obesity

Back 11

body weight greater than 20% (30%) of expected body weight based on height
-54% of Americans are overweight or obese
-23% of American children
-Genetic and Environmental basis for obesity
-Data on Obesity (numbers have increased over the years)

Front 12

Three main reasons for Obesity Rates in U.S.

Back 12

-Increased high fat easily accessible junk food (cheetos,)
-Increased portion size
-Increased sedentary lifestyle (decrease physical activity)

Front 13

Annorexia
-Peak age
-fatality rate?
-Cultural variations

Back 13

-self-starvation resulting in loss of 20-50% body fat; fall to less than 15% body fat over all
-Peak age: 14-18; >in Females
6% fatality rate (highest fatality rate)
Cultural Variations seen in diagnosis (African Americans less likely to have anorexia, environmental influence)

Front 14

Theories of Annorexia

Back 14

-Anxiety regarding maturation
-Difficulty expressing aggression in high achieving families; often bright and capable(need something to control, and can control what goes in your mouth, feelings)
-Difficult to treat because patients don’t recognize it as a problem
-Males increasing “obligatory runner” (hyperexercised)

Front 15

Annorexia

Back 15

Chemical imbalance in the brain that creates a “high” for people, there are high levels of seratonin in the brain)

Front 16

Bulimia
-__% of adolescent girls

Back 16

-repeated episodes of binging followed by self-induced vomiting, laxatives or enemas
-1-3% of adolescent girls
-Significant shame componet
-More treatable because recognize problem
-Often in normal weight range

Front 17

Long term health issues of Bulimia

Back 17

ulcers, hernias, hair loss, dental damage, electrolyte imbalances

Front 18

Sexuality

Back 18

-Preference for those of the same or opposite sex: hetersexual, bisexual or homosexual

Front 19

Concordance rate or % for gay sexual orientation in: Identical twins, Fraternal twins, and Adoptive siblings

Back 19

Identical: 100%
Fraternal: 50%
Adoptive: 0%

Front 20

Sexual Response Cycle

Back 20

it is a predictable cycle for men and women
-Excitement, plateau, orgasms, resolution

Front 21

Need for affiliation: Hill proposed what 4 functions we strive to affiliate?

Back 21

1. To obtain positive stimulation in our lives
2. To receive emotional support
3. To gain attention
4. To permit social comparison
**Need for affiliation varies by individual increased need to affiliate in fear situations

Front 22

Achievement Motivation

Back 22

-What drives us to seek and reach goals; basic human motive to achieve

Front 23

Assessment of Achievement Motivation:
-who created the TAT test?

Back 23

-Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) McClelland
-Projective Test which looks at themes of achievement

Front 24

Motivation by success/failure

Back 24

-a sense of acheivment
-feare to perform badly, increases anxiety

Front 25

Emotion: cognitive

Back 25

Subjective conscious experience, includes an “appraisal” or evaluation of the situation (if she asked someone to go up in the front and asked how you got to the university, certain ppl will be nervous, others excited, its what you think about)

Front 26

Emotion: physiological

Back 26

-Bodily arousal accompanies feeling states
-Fight or flight
-Assess with GSR/Polygraph

Front 27

Polygraph tests

Back 27

record automatic fluctuations (problem-look at psyological responses, not always accurate)

Front 28

Why are Polygraph tests not always accurate?

Back 28

-Sensitive to those high on anxiety measures
-Less likely to identity those who lie without accompanying discomfort

Front 29

Behavioral

Back 29

Characteristic overt expression of emotion

Front 30

-Body Language
-Six basic emotions generally able to identify

Back 30

-body(ex:depressed feeling-shoulders down, no eye contact) and facial expressions(frown, smile)
-Happiness, sadness, anger, fear, surprise and disgust

Front 31

Facial Feedback hypothesis

Back 31

facial muscles send signals to the brain and that these signals help the brain recognize the emotion that one is experiencing(smiles, frowns)

Front 32

Display Rules

Back 32

-norms that regulate the appropriate expression of emotions; culturally determined (ex: japanese culture emphasizes the suppression of neg. emotions in public)

Front 33

Theories of Emotion: Carl-Lange Theory

Back 33

conscious experience of emotion results from perception of arousal=common sense ( " I tremble b/c I feel afraid)

Front 34

Theories of Emotion: James-Lange Theory

Back 34

(physiological) different patterns of autonomic activation (a natural arousal) lead to the experience of different emotions (" I feel afraid because I tremble")

Front 35

Theories of Emotion: Cannon-Bard Theory

Back 35

emtoin occurs when the thalamus sends signals simultaneously to the cortex(conscious experience of emotion) and to the autonomic nervous system (creating visceral arousal) ("the dog makes me tremble and feel afraid")

Front 36

Shachters Two-Factor Theory

Back 36

people use two factors to identify emotion; physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation; but often times search the environment for an explanation for reactions