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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cognition |
The mental activity that includes thinking and the understanding that result from thinking. Based on that knowledge about the world is stores in the brain in representations. |
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Representations |
Analogical: Mental representations that have some of the physical characteristics of objects. maps are analogical representations of a geographical layout. Symbolic: Abstract mental representations that do not correspond to the physical features of objects or ideas. usually numbers, words, ideas. The word violin stands for a musical instrument. |
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Categorization |
grouping things based on shared properties. it is an efficient way of thinking because it reduces the amount of knowledge we have to hold in memory. |
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Concept |
A category or class of related items. it consists of mental representations of those items. |
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Prototype model |
A way of thinking about concepts, within each category there is a best example, a prototype for that category. |
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Exemplar model |
A way of thinking about concepts, all members of a category are examples. together they form the concept and determine category membership. |
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Schema |
Help us percieve, organize and process information. Sterotypes: A type of cognitive schema that involves fast processing of information about people based on their membership in certain groups. |
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Scripts |
Scripts are schema that directs behavior overtime within a situation. for example, going to the movies. |
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Decision making |
Attempting to select the best alternative from among several options. |
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Problem solving |
attempting to over come obstacles to move from a present state to a desired goal state. |
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Normative decision making |
Define how people should make decisions, people should always chose the decision that rewards the biggest gain, however sometimes people make irrational decisions . Expected utility theory: people make decisions by considering the possible alternatives and choosing the most desirable one. |
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Heuristics |
shortcuts (rules of thumb or informal guidelines) used to reduce the amount of thinking that is needed to make decisions. |
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Anchoring |
the tendency in making judgement, to rely on the first piece of information encountered or information that comes to mind most quickly. |
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Framing |
in decision making, the tendency to emphasize the potential losses or potential gain from at least one alternative. |
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Loss aversion |
people focus on the potential losses more then the potential gains |
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Availability heuristic |
making a decision based on the answer that most easily comes to mind |
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representative heuristic |
placing a person or object in a category if that person or object is similar to ones prototype for that category. |
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Affect Heuristic / Affective Forecasting |
People decide to do things that will make them happy and avoid things that will make them sad. The tendancy for people to overestimate how events will make them feel in the future. |
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Restructuring |
A new way of thinking about a problem that aids in the solution. |
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Mental sets |
problem solving strategies that have worked in the past. |
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functional fixedness |
in problem solving, having fixed ideas about the typical functions of objects. |
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insight |
the mediphorical mental lightbulb that occurs when a problem is solved. |
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language |
system of communication using sounds and symbols |
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morphemes |
smallest language units that have meaning |
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phonemes |
the basic sounds of speech. |
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linguistic relativity theory |
the claim that language determines thought |
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intelligence |
the ability to use knowledge to reason, make descions, ect.... |
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aptitude vs achievement tests |
aptitude: Assess ability and potential achievement: Measure accumulated knowledge |
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standford- binet |
children test |
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WAIS |
Adult test |
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General Intellegence |
idea that one general factor underlyes intelligence |
