Psychology Exam 4

Front 1

Social Psychology

Back 1

The study of how thoughts, feelings, and actions are affected by others

Front 2

Attitudes

Back 2

Are evaluations of a person, behavior, belief or concept

Front 3

two routes to attitude change

Back 3

Central route

peripheral route

Front 4

Central route

Back 4

Involves considering message related to the variables

Front 5

Peripheral route

Back 5

Involves considering variables unrelated to the message

Front 6

Cognitive Dissonance

Back 6

Occurs when a person holds two contradictory thoughts

Front 7

4 ways to reduce dissonance

Back 7

changing one or both of the cognitions

changing the importance of one cognition

adding additional cognitions

denying a relation between the cognitions

Front 8

Social cognition

Back 8

consists of the processes by which people understand and make sense of others

Front 9

Schemas

Back 9

Sets of cognitions about people and experiences

Front 10

Impression formation

Back 10

is the process by which we organize information about a person to create an impression of that individual

Front 11

Attribution Theory

Back 11

considers how we infer the causes of a persons behavior

Front 12

situational attributions

Back 12

result from the enviornment

Front 13

dispositional attributions

Back 13

result from internal characteristics or personality traits

Front 14

Halo effect

Back 14

involves inferring positive characteristics about a person who we know has other positive characteristics

Front 15

Assumed-similarity bias

Back 15

tendency to think of others similar to oneself when you first meet them

Front 16

correspondence bias

Back 16

the tendency to make dispositional attributions when we should make a situational attributions

Front 17

social influence

Back 17

is the process by which individuals or groups exert pressure on an individual either intentionally or unintentionally

Front 18

group

Back 18

consists of multiple people who interact, perceive themselves as a part of a group and are interdependent

Front 19

self-serving bias

Back 19

tendency to attribute successes to dispositions and failures to situations

Front 20

Conformity

Back 20

a change in behavior or attitudes due to a desire to fit in with others

Front 21

Asch's conformity experience

Back 21

Found participants would make erroneous choices to conform to a group

participants conformed half the time

75% conformed at least once

Front 22

characteristics influencing conformity- the group

Back 22

we conform more to attractive groups if we have low status in a group

Front 23

Characteristics influencing conformity- the situation

Back 23

we conform more in public than in private

Front 24

Characteristics influencing conformity- unanimity

Back 24

having just one ally in a group can reduce conformity

Front 25

social roles

Back 25

are behaviors associated with people in a given position

Front 26

zimbardos prison study

Back 26

showed conforming to social roles can lad to inappropriate behavior

Front 27

Compliance

Back 27

behavior that occurs in response to direct social behavior

Front 28

foot-in-the door

Back 28

making a small request and following it up with a larger one

Front 29

door-in-the-face

Back 29

making a large request and following it with a smaller request

Front 30

thats not all technique

Back 30

involves offering something for a certain price and then immediately reducing the price

Front 31

not so free sample

Back 31

involves giving a gift or doing a favor and then making a larger request afterward

Front 32

obedience

Back 32

change in behavior in response to the commands of others

Front 33

Milgrams obedience experiments

Back 33

he used a participant to shock another participant when he made mistakes in a task

patients justified their actions

Front 34

Stereotype

Back 34

a set of beliefs and expectations about a group and its members

Front 35

predjudice

Back 35

an evaluation of a group and its members

Front 36

discrimination

Back 36

behavior directed towards individuals based on group membership

Front 37

social identity theory

Back 37

says we use group membership as a source of wealth

Front 38

Implicit Association test IAT

Back 38

measures automatic associations between groups and valence

Front 39

romantic love

Back 39

includes euphoria, intimacy, and sexual attraction

Front 40

companionate love

Back 40

involves affection, trust, and concern for other's well-being

Front 41

3 parts of love

Back 41

decision/commitment involves the realization one feels love and maintenance of love

intimacy involves closeness and connection

passion involves sex and romance

Front 42

aggression

Back 42

intentional injury or harm to another

Front 43

frustration-aggression theory

Back 43

says when we're frustrated we'l behave aggressively if we're around aggressive ones

Front 44

Frustration

Back 44

a feeling that goals have been blocked

Front 45

aggressive cues

Back 45

those previously associated with violence

Front 46

observational learning theory

Back 46

says we learn aggression by observing aggressive behavior in others

Front 47

prosocial behavior

Back 47

helping behavior

Front 48

bystander intervention

Back 48

the act of helping strangers in an emergency situation

Front 49

social loafing

Back 49

the tendency for people to expend less effort when in a group than alone

Front 50

altruism

Back 50

behavior that benefits another without benefiting ones self

Front 51

kin selection

Back 51

the process by which evolution selects for individuals who cooperate with their relatives

Front 52

reciprocal altruism

Back 52

behavior that benefits another with the expectation that those benefits will be returned in the future

Front 53

mere exposure effect

Back 53

is the tendency for liking to increase with the frequency of exposure

Front 54

norm of reciprocity

Back 54

is the unwritten rule that people should benefit those who have benefited them

Front 55

normative influence

Back 55

another persons behavior provides information about what is appropriate

Front 56

informational influence

Back 56

another persons behavior provides information about what is true

Front 57

heuristic persuasion

Back 57

the process by which attitudes or beliefs are changed by appeals to habit or emotion

Front 58

self-fulfilling prophecy

Back 58

is the tendency for people to behave as they are expected to behave

Front 59

stereotype threat

Back 59

the fear of conforming the negative beliefs that others may hold

Front 60

perceptual conforamation

Back 60

the tendency for people to see what they expect to see

Front 61

subtyping

Back 61

the tendency for people who receive disconfirming evidence to modify their stereotypes rather than abandon them

Front 62

monism

Back 62

maintains the mind and body are one

Front 63

dualism

Back 63

maintains the mind and body are separate

Front 64

health psychology

Back 64

investigates the psychological factors related to wellness and illness including

-prevention

-treatment

-maintaing health

Front 65

stress

Back 65

is a physical and psychological response to threatening events

Front 66

stressors

Back 66

is an event or circumstance we find threatening or places demands on us

Front 67

what do health psychologists do?

Back 67

health psychologists study the relation between illness and thoughts emotions and stress

Front 68

cataclysmic events

Back 68

are strong stressors that occur suddenly and often affect many people

Front 69

personal stressor

Back 69

include major life events more stress is experienced right after the even

Front 70

Chronic stressor

Back 70

sources of stress that occur continuously or repeatedly

Front 71

enviornmental psychology

Back 71

the scientific study of enviornmental effects on behavior and health

Front 72

PSTD (post tramatic stress disorder)

Back 72

is characterized by re-experiencing the event in flashbacks and dreams

Front 73

background stressors

Back 73

can be minor irrations or a long term problem

Front 74

uplifts

Back 74

are minor positive events that make us feel good

Front 75

psychophysiological disorders

Back 75

medical problems caused by an interaction between psychological, emotional, and physical difficulties

Front 76

general adaptation syndrome (GAS)

Back 76

says we exhibit the same physiological response to any stressor

Front 77

three stages of GAS

Back 77

alarm and mobilization

resistance

exhaustion

Front 78

alarm stage

Back 78

body rapidly mobilizes its resources to respond to a threat

Front 79

resistance phase

Back 79

the body adapts to its high state of arousal as it tries to cope with the stressor

Front 80

exhaustion stage

Back 80

resistance collapses

Front 81

telomeres

Back 81

caps at the ends of each chromosome that protect the ends of chromosomes and prevent them from sticking to each other

Front 82

coping

Back 82

is any effort to control, reduce, or tolerate threats that lead to stress

Front 83

emotion focused coping

Back 83

coping involves changing how we perceived or feel about a problem

Front 84

problem focused coping

Back 84

involves modifying the stressful problem

Front 85

avoidant coping

Back 85

can involve wishful thinking drug use or over eatting

Front 86

defense mechanisms

Back 86

reduce anxiety by concealing its source

Front 87

hardiness

Back 87

is associated with less stress-related illness and includes three components

Front 88

three components of hardiness

Back 88

commitment to what they're doing

perceiving change as a challenge

control over their lives

Front 89

social support

Back 89

is aid gained through interacting with others

Front 90

social support aids coping in 3 ways

Back 90

it shows us we're valued and important

members of our network can give us advice

members of our network can provide goods and services

Front 91

type a personality

Back 91

is characterized by hostility, competitiveness, time urgency, and impatience

Front 92

type b personality

Back 92

is characterized by patience, cooperation, noncompetitiveness, and nonagression

Front 93

following medical advice

Back 93

-only 15% of patients fully comply with physicians recommendations

- we may not keep appointments, violate diets, binge drink, cease medication

Front 94

communicating with physicians

communication barriers

Back 94

-physicians may not discuss prodecures they dont like

-patients may not share embarrassing information

-patients may be intimidated by physicians or assume the physician knows everything

Front 95

communicating with physicians

effective communication

Back 95

-bring a list of health concerns

-create a list of drugs your taking

-bring a friend or relative if intimidated

-take notes

Front 96

well being

Back 96

is a sense of happiness and life satisfaction

Front 97

immune system

Back 97

a complex response system that protects the body from bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances

Front 98

lymmphocyes

Back 98

produce antibodies that fight infection

Front 99

burnout

Back 99

a state of physical, emotional, and mental exhaustion

Front 100

repressive coping

Back 100

avoid situations or thoughts that are reminders of a stressor and maintaining an artifically positive view point

Front 101

rational coping

Back 101

facing a stressor and working to over come it

Front 102

reframing

Back 102

finding a new or creative way to think about a stressor that reduces its threat

Front 103

stress inoculation training (SIT)

Back 103

a reframing technique that helps people to cope with stressful situations by developing positive ways to think about the situation

Front 104

mediation

Back 104

the practice of intentional contemplation

Front 105

relaxation therapy

Back 105

a technique for reducing tension by consciously relating muscles of the body

Front 106

relaxation response

Back 106

a condition of reduced muscle tension, coritcal activity, heart rate, breathing rate, and blood pressure

Front 107

biofeed back

Back 107

the use of an external monitoring device to obtain information about a bodily function and possibly gain control over that function

Front 108

psychosomatic illness

Back 108

an interaction between mind and body that can produce illness

Front 109

somatic symptoms disorder

Back 109

person with at least one bodily symptom displays significant health related anxiety, expresses disproportionate concerns about their symptoms or health concerns

Front 110

sick role

Back 110

a socially recognized set of rights and obligations linked with illness

Front 111

self-regulation

Back 111

the exercise of voluntary control over the self to bring the self into line with preferred standards

Front 112

abnormal behavior

Back 112

is that which interferes with everyday functioning and causes distress

Front 113

mental disorder

Back 113

is a persistent disturbance or dysfunction in behavior, thoughts, or emotions that cause distress or impairment

Front 114

trempanning

Back 114

was thought to exorcise demons

Front 115

medical perspective

Back 115

says abnormality is attributable to a chemical imbalance or brain injury

Front 116

psychoanalytic perspective

Back 116

says abnormality comes from unresolved childhood conflicts

Front 117

behavioral perspective

Back 117

views abnormal behavior itself as the problem not as a symptom of something else

Front 118

cognitive perspective

Back 118

says our thoughts and beliefs lead to abnormal behavior

Front 119

sociocultural perspective

Back 119

says abnormality is shaped by society and culture

Front 120

DSM-5

Back 120

is a classification system describing disorder features and distinguishing characteristics

Front 121

drawbacks of DSM-5

Back 121

-diagnosis mental disorders isnt always clear cut or accurate

-the dsm-5 doesnt consider the degree to which one has a psychological disorder

Front 122

anxiety

Back 122

is a feeling of apprehension or tension in response to a stressful situation

Front 123

comorbidity

Back 123

the co-occurance of two or more disorders in a single individual

Front 124

biopsychosocial perspective

Back 124

explains mental disorders as the result of interactions among biological psychological and social factors

Front 125

diathesis stress model

Back 125

a person may be predisposed for a psychological disorder that remains unexpressed until triggered by stress

Front 126

anxiety disorder

Back 126

occurs when anxiety arises without external justificatoin and affects daily functioning

Front 127

phobia disorder

Back 127

have a phobia

Front 128

phobia

Back 128

is an intense, irrational fear of a specific object or situation

Front 129

agonphobia

Back 129

fear of public places

Front 130

specific phobias

Back 130

a fear of specific objects places objects or situations

Front 131

social phobia

Back 131

fear of being judged or embarrassed by others

Front 132

panic disorder

Back 132

experience panic attacks

Front 133

panic attack

Back 133

is a sudden sense of fear or doom with no identifiable trigger

Front 134

generalized anxiety disorder

Back 134

experience long-term, persistent anxiety and uncontrollable worrying

Front 135

obsessive-compolsive disorder (OCD)

Back 135

are plauged by unwanted recurring thoughts and feeling irresistible urges to preform certain behaviors

Front 136

somatoform disorders

Back 136

are psychological difficulties that take on physical form

Front 137

conversion disorders

Back 137

experience physical symptoms with no medical cause

Front 138

hypocondrasis

Back 138

have a constant fear of illness and a preoccupation with their health

Front 139

mood disorders

Back 139

are disturbances in emotional experience strong enough to intrude on life

Front 140

major depression/unipolar depression

Back 140

have a depressed mood and dont experience pleasure

Front 141

bipolar disorder

Back 141

alternate between depression and mania

Front 142

mania

Back 142

is an extended state of intense wild, elation

Front 143

schizophrenia

Back 143

experience

-profund disruption of basi psychological processes

-distorted perception of reality

-altered or blunted emotion

-disturbed thought, motivaton, behavior

Front 144

type 1 schizophrenia

Back 144

is characterized by positive symptoms

-hallucinations,dillusions,disorganized speech/behavior

Front 145

type 2 schizophrenia

Back 145

is characterized by negative symptoms

-social withdrawl, blunted emotion

Front 146

dopamine hypothesis

Back 146

says excess dopamine causes schizophrenia

Front 147

cognitive perspective says

Back 147

schizophrenias over-attend or under attend to stimuli

Front 148

predisposition model of schizophrenia

Back 148

says a genetic predisposition for schizophrenia interacts with enviornmental stressors

Front 149

personality disorder

Back 149

is an enduring pattern of thinking, feeling, or relating to others or controlling impulses that deviates from cultural expectaions

Front 150

anti-social personality

Back 150

personality shows no regard for the moral or ethical rules of society or the rights of others

Front 151

narcissistic personality

Back 151

have an exaggerated sense of self-importance

Front 152

how common are mental disorders?

Back 152

-50% of americans experienced mental disorders

-30% of americans experienced a mental disorder this year

-the most common disorders are anxiety and mood disorders

Front 153

mental disorders among college students

Back 153

-paranoia

-schizophrenia

-mania

-depression

Front 154

research domain criteria project (RDoc)

Back 154

a new initiative that aims to guide the classification and understanding of mental disorders by revealing the basic processes that give rise to them

Front 155

preparedness theory

Back 155

people are instinctively predisposed toward certain fears

Front 156

autism spectrum disorder

Back 156

a condition beginning in early childhood in which a person shows persisten communication deficits as well as restricted and reptetive patterns of behaviors interests or activites

Front 157

ADHD attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Back 157

a persistent pattern of severe problems with inattention or hyperactivity or impulsiveness that cause significant impairments in functioning

Front 158

conduct disorder

Back 158

persistent pattern of deviant behavior involving aggression to people or animals destruction of property deceitfulness or theft or serious rule violations

Front 159

why is it important that we provide trreatment to individuals

Back 159

because these disorders can result in

-personal burden

-social burden

-financial costs

Front 160

failure to seek treatment

Back 160

-do not realize they have disorder

-attitudinal barriers to treatment-structural barriers

Front 161

inadequadte treatment

Back 161

-misdiagnosis of a mental disorder

-bias toward preferred treatment style

-psychotherapist lacking treatment

-40% of people with a mental disorder receive minimally adequate treatment

Front 162

psychotherapists

Back 162

psychologists PhD or PsyD

psychiatrist MD

social worker masters degree

counselor - range of experience but usually masters degree

Front 163

psychotherapy

Back 163

is an interaction between sociall sanctioned clinician and someone suffering from a psychological problem, with the goal of providing support or relief from the problem

Front 164

types of psychology

Back 164

cognitive - 16%

behavioral - 3%

humanistic/existential - 6%

psychodynamic- 29%

eclectic- 36%

other- 36%

Front 165

psychodynamic therapy

Back 165

explore childhood events and encourage individuals to gain understanding into their psychological problems

Front 166

eclectic psychotherapy

Back 166

a form of psychotherapy that involves drawing on techniques from different forms of therapy, depending on the client and the problem

Front 167

psychoanalysis

Back 167

assumption: people are born with aggressive and sexual urges that are repressed in childhood

Front 168

psychoanalytic techiniques

Back 168

free association

dream analysis

interpretation

analysis of resistance

Front 169

resistance

Back 169

is a reluctance to cooperate with treatment for fear of confronting unpleasant unconsciousness

Front 170

transference

Back 170

when the analyst begins to assume a major significance in the clients life and the client reacts to the analyst based on unconscious childhood fantasies

Front 171

interpersonal psychotherapy

Back 171

focuses on helping clients improve their current relationships

Front 172

person centered therapy

Back 172

assumes that all individuals have a tendency toward growth and that this growth can be facilitated by acceptance and genuine reactions from the therapist

-carl rogers

-3 basic qualities congruence, empathy, and unconditional positive regard

Front 173

gestalt therapy

Back 173

has the goal of helping the client become aware of his or her thoughts behaviors experiences and feelings and to own or take responsibility for them

-frederick fritz perlz

Front 174

behavioral and cognitive therapies

Back 174

emphasis is in changing a persons thoughts and behaviors in order to decease psychopathology

Front 175

behavior therapy

Back 175

disorder behavior is learned and that the maladaptive behavior needs to be changed in order to decrease psychopathology

Front 176

token economy

Back 176

giving clients tokens for desired behaviors which they can later trade for rewards

Front 177

cognitive therapies

Back 177

helping a client identify and correct any distorted thinking about self, others, or the world

Front 178

exposure therapy

Back 178

confronting an emotion- arousing stimulus directly and repeatedly, ultimately leading to a decrease in the emotional response

Front 179

cognitive restructuring

Back 179

teaches clients to question the automatic beliefs, assumptions, and predictions that often lead to negative emotions and to replace negative thinking with more realistic and positive beliefs

Front 180

mindfulness meditation

Back 180

teaches an individual to be fully present in each moment and to detect symptoms before they become a problem

Front 181

cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)

Back 181

a blend of cognitive and behavioral therapeutic strategies

client is expected to do things in order to meet goals

problem and action oriented

effective for many disorders MDD GAD PD social phobia PTSD and SCZ

Front 182

group therapy

Back 182

therapy where multiple participants work on their individuals problems in a group setting

Front 183

antipsychotic medications

Back 183

treat schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders

Front 184

psychoparmacology

Back 184

the study of drug effects on psychological states and symptoms

Front 185

antianxiety medications

Back 185

are drugs that help reduce a persons experience of fear or anxiety

most commonly used are benzodiazepines which facilitate GABA

effective in reducing anxiety in a matter of minutes

Front 186

anti depressants

Back 186

a class of drugs that help life peoples moods

Front 187

mood stabilizers

Back 187

suppressed swings between mania and depression

lithium is the most well-known treatment of bipolar disorder

Front 188

herbal and natural products

Back 188

most evidence for the effectiveness is mixed

-omega3 fatty acids (fish oil) shown to be associated with lower rates of depression and suicide

Front 189

biological treatments

Back 189

ECT-Severe depression and BD

TMS- Depression and auditory hallucinations in SCZ

Phototherapy- SAD

Psychosurgery- SCZ past, severe OCD

DBS- OCD and Parkinsons

Front 190

electroconvulsive therapy ECT

Back 190

shock therapy which is a treatment that involves inducing a brief seizure by delivering an electrical shock to the brain

Front 191

transcranial magentic stimulation TMS

Back 191

a treatment that involves placing a powerful pulsed magnet over a persons scalp which alters neuronal activity in the brain

Front 192

Phototherapy

Back 192

a therapy that involves repeated exposure to bright light

Front 193

psychosurgery

Back 193

the surgical destruction of specific brain areas

Front 194

placebo

Back 194

an inert substance or procedure that has been applied with the expectation that a healing response will be produces

Front 195

iatrogenic illness

Back 195

a disorder or symptom that occurs as a result of a medical or psychotheraputic treatment itself

Front 196

3 potential treatment illusions

Back 196

-natural improvement

-placebo effects

-reconstructive memory

Front 197

natural improvement

Back 197

is the tendency of symptoms to return back to their normal average level

Front 198

reconstructive memory

Back 198

belief that one has gotten better because one has mistakenly remembered their earlier symptoms as being worse than it was

Front 199

in order to reduce harm psychologists are held to a set of ethical standards

Back 199

-striving to benefit clients

-establishing relationships of trust

-promoting accuracy and honesty

-seeking fairness in treatment and avoiding biases

-respecting dignity