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101 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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five core psychological predispositions--neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, conscientiousness, and agreeableness--that underlie personality
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Big Five Traits
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general tendency toward mental health versus psychological disturbance
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neuroticism
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outgoing attitudes
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extraversion
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tendency to take risks, seek out experiences
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openness to experience
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industrious worker personality
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conscientiousness
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kindness, empathy, compromise
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agreeableness
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in Erikson's theory, the seventh psychosocial task, in which people in midlife find meaning from nurturing the next generation, caring for others, or enriching the life of others through their work
(w/o means w/o a sense of purpose in life. vs. stagnation) |
generativity
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in Dan McAdam's research, a type of autobiography produced by highly generative adults that involves childhood memories of feeling special, unusually sensitive to others' misfortunes, and having a strong, enduring generative mission from adolescence, and that often includes redemption sequences
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commitment script
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McAdams. a characteristic theme of highly generative adults' autobiographies, in which they describe tragic events that turned out for the best
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redemption sequence
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McAdams. a characteristic theme of nongenerative adults' autobiographies, in which they describe joyous events that turned out badly
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contamination sequence
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in Freudian psychoanalytic theory, unconscious strategies that people use for coping with upsetting events
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defense mechanisms (in midlife, core personality will probably not change much unless a major change occurs. priorities shift toward generative concerns. better coping w/ stress, better self-confidence, happier)
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the standard test to measure adult IQ, involving verbal and performance scales, each of which is made up of various subtests (problem of how much schooling those tested had received)
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Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
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the definitive study of the effect of aging on intelligence, carried out by K. Warner Schaie, involving simultaneously conducting and comparing the results of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies carried out w/ a group of Seattle volunteers
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Seattle Longitudinal Study
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a basic facet of intelligence consisting of a person's knowledge base, or storehouse of accumulated information (peak at 40-50)
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crystallized intelligence
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a basic facet of intelligence, consisting of the ability to quickly master new intellectual activities (these decline with age)
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fluid intelligence
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a research phenomenon in which a dramatic decline in an older person's scores on vocabulary test and other measures of crystallized intelligence predicts having a terminal disease
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terminal drop
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Paul Balte's three principles for successful aging (and living): 1. selectively focusing on what is most important, 2. optimize worker harder to perform well in those top-ranking areas, and 3. relying on external aids to cope effectively (compensate)
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selective optimization with compensation
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a uniquely adult form of intelligence that involves being sensitive to different perspectives, making decisions based on one's inner feelings, and being interested in exploring new questions (relativistic-open to changing ideas, feeling oriented-rely on gut feeling, question driven-process is valued over solutions)
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postformal thought
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a basic role of grandparents, which involves monitoring the younger family's well-being and intervening to provide help in a crisis
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family watchdogs
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grandparents who have taken on full responsibility for raising their grandchildren
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caregiving grandparents
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adult children's care for their disabled elderly parents
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parent care
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middle-aged adults' feeling of loving obligation to both the older and the younger generations
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intergenerational solidarity
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the age-related process, occurring at about age 50, in which ovulation and menstruation stop due to loss of estrogen
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menopause
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setting the stage for our new, older world
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life expectancy, the baby boomers and low fertility rates
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the age at which 50% of a population is older and 50% is younger
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median age
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the number of additional years a person in a given country can expect to live once reaching age 65
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late-life
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people in their 60s and 70s
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young-old
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people age 80 and above
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old-old
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a difficult memory challenge involving memorizing material while simultaneously monitoring something else (information processing theory (working memory)/ frontal lobe hypothesis of cognitive aging)
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divided-attention task
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a framework that divides memory into three types: procedural, semantic, and episodic memory
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memory-systems perspective
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in the memory-systems perspective, the most resilient (longest-lasting) type of memory; refers to material, such as well-learned physical skills, that we automatically recall without conscious awareness
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procedural memory
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in the memory-systems perspective, a moderately resilient (long-lasting) type of memory; refers to our ability to recall basic facts
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semantic memory
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the most fragile type of memory, involving the recall of the ongoing events of daily life
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episodic memory
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a strategy for aiding memory, often by using imagery or enhancing the emotional meaning of what needs to be learned
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mnemonic technique
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a theory of aging (and the lifespan) put forth by Laura Carstensen, describing how the time we have left to live affects our priorities and social relationships. Specifically, Carstensen believes that as people reach later life, they focus on enhancing the quality of the present and place priority on spending time w/ their closest attachment figures
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socioemotional selectivity theory
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the US government's national retirement support program
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Social Security
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the major source of nongovernmental income support for retirees, in which the individual worker and the employer put a portion of each paycheck into an account to help finance retirement
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private pensions
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illegally laying off workers or failing to hire or promote them on the basis of age
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age discrimination
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an education-travel program that offers people age 55 and older special learning experiences at universities and other locations across the US and around the world
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Elderhostel
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the fraction of people over age 60 to younger working-age adults (ages 15-59). This ratio is expected to rise dramatically as the baby boomers retire
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old-age dependency ratio
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a widow's or widower's ongoing sense of the deceased spouse's presence "in spirit"
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continuing bonds
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the universal, often progressive signs of physical deterioration intrinsic to the aging process
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normal aging changes
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any long-term illness that requires ongoing management. Most chronic disease are age-related and are the endpoint of normal aging changes
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chronic disease (often normal aging "at the extreme")
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difficulty in performing every day tasks that are required for living independently. ADLs are classified as either basic or instrumental
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ADL (activities of daily living) problems
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difficulties in performing everyday household tasks, such as cooking and cleaning
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instrumental ADL problems
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difficulty in performing essential self-care activities, such as rising from a chair, eating, and getting to the toilet
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basic ADL problems
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human lifespan has a defined limit
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this hasn't changed much but life expectancy has increased dramatically
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the disparity found in nations around the world, between the health of the rich and poor. At every step up on the socioeconomic ladder, people survive, longer and enjoy better health
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socioeconomic/health gap
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men are much more likely to die of heart attacks
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but women rank as "more ill"
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age-related midlife difficulty with near vision, cause by the inability of the lens to bend
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presbyopia
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a transparent, disk-shaped structure in the eye, which bends to allow us to see close objects
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lens
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age-related difficulty in hearing, particularly high-pitched tones, caused by the atrophy of hearing receptors located in the inner ear
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presbycusis
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a style of communication used with an older person who seems to be physically impaired, involving speaking loudly and with slow, exaggerated pronunciation, as if to a baby
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elderspeak
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the speed at which can respond to a stimulus. A progressive increase in reaction time is universal to aging
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reaction time
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an age-related chronic disease in which the bones become porous, fragile, and more likely to break. It is most common in thin women and so most common in females of European and Asian descent
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osteoporosis
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the general term for any illness that produces serious, progressive, usually irreversible cognitive decline
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dementia
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a type of age-related dementia characterized by neural atrophy and abnormal by--products of that atrophy, such as senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles
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Alzheimer's disease
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a type of age-related demntia caused by multiple small strokes
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vascular dementia
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the US government's program of health insurance for elderly people
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Medicare
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services and settings designed to keep older people who are experiencing age-related disabilities that don't merit intense 24--hair care from having to enter nursing homes
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alternatives to institutionalizations
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a housing option characterized by a series of levels of care for elderly residents, ranging from independent apartments to assisted living to nursing home care. People enter the community in relatively good health and move to sections where they can get more care when they become disabled
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continuing care retirement community
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a housing option providing care for elderly people who have instrumental ADL impairments and can no longer live independently but may not need a nursing home
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assisted-living facility
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a service for impaired older adults who live with relatives, in which the older person spends the day at a center offering various activities
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day-care program
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nursing-oriented and house-keeping help provided in the home of an impaired older adult (or any other impaired person)
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homehealth services
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a residential institution that provides shelter and intensive care-giving, primarily to older people who need help with basic ADLs
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nursing home/long-term-care facility
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the main hands-on care provider in a nursing home who helps elderly residents with basic ADL problems
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certified nurse assistant or aide
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in Erikson's framework, the successful old-age task in which people believe that they have fulfilled their "human purpose in living." This feeling is necessary for a person to accept impending death (versus despair)
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integrity
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the late twentieth-century trend in Western societies toward openly talking about death and improving the psychological conditions under which people die
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death awareness movement
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the landmark theory developed by psychiatrist Elisabeth Kubler-Ross, that people who are terminally ill progress through five stages in confronting their death: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance
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Kubler-Ross's stage theory of dying
(terminally ill people do not always want to discuss their situation. not all cultures see "openness" as an ideal way to behave. people do not pass through distinctive stages in adjusting to death.) |
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the idea that terminally ill people can know that they are dying, yet at the same time not completely grasp or come to terms emotionally with the fact
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middle knowledge
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minimize pain and fear, be close to loved ones, enhance spirituality, feel that our life has meaning
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good death
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the fact that hospital personnel make projections about the particular pathway to death that a seriously ill patient will take and organize their care according to that assumption
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dying trajectory
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any intervention designed not to cure illness but to promote dignified dying
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palliative care
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courses in medical and nursing schools devoted to teaching health-care workers how to provide the best palliative care to the dying
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end-of-life care instruction
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a service or unit in a hospital that is devoted to end-of-life care
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palliative care service
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a movement, which became wide-spread in recent decades, focused on providing palliative care to dying patients outside of hospitals and especially on giving families the support they need to care for the terminally ill at home
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hospice movement
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any written document spelling out instructions with regard to life-prolonging treatment if individuals become irretrievably ill and cannot communicate their wishes
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advance directive
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a type of advance directive in which people spell out their wishes for life-sustaining treatment in case they become permanently incapacitated and unable to communicate
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living will
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a type of advance directive in which people designate a specific surrogate to make health care decisions if they become incapacitated and are unable to make their wishes known
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durable power of attorney for health care
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a type of advance directive filled out by surrogates (usually a doctor in consultation with family members) for impaired individuals, specifying that if they go into cardiac arrest, efforts should not be made to revive them
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Do Not Resuscitate (DNR) order
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a type of advance directive put into the charts of impaired nursing home residents, specifying that in a medical crisis they should not be transferred to a hospital for emergency care
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Do Not Hospitalize (DNH) order
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withholding potentially life-saving interventions that might keep a terminally ill or permanently comatose patient alive
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passive euthanasia
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a deliberate intervention that helps a terminally ill patient die
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active euthanasia
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a type of active euthanasia in which a physician prescribes a lethal medication to a terminally ill person who wants to die
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physician-assisted suicide
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the controversial idea that society should not use expensive life sustaining technologies on people in their old-old years
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age-based rationing of care
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conceive and give birth
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biological generativity
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nurturing children
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parental generativity
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skills passed on to others, mentoring
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work generativity
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creative output, politics
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cultural generativity
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state of physical & psychological distress that arises when developmental tasks threaten to overwhelm a person’s internal resources and social support system
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mid-life crisis
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underlying tension and conflict
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conflict-habituated
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discrepancy from early years
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devitalized
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indifference is norm throughout relationship
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passive-congenial
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genuine warmth and closeness
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vital
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similar to vital, but marriage becomes a primary identity
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total relationship
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redefining worth in terms of something other than work roles
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ego differentiation vs. work-role preoccupation
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assessing and realizing one's contributions to the future
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ego transcendence vs. ego preoccupation
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coping with declining physical well-being
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body transcendence vs. body preoccupation
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collectively, the family members, friends, and acquaintances who move through life with an individual
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social convoy
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6 characteristics of successful aging
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relationships, personal control of life, acceptance of change, sense of spirituality, selective optimization with compensation, optimism about health and physical functioning
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five stages of dying
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denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance
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