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57 Cards in this Set
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Sigmund Freud's unconscious mind |
Freud believed that the mind was divided into 3 parts: the preconscious, conscious and unconscious minds. The unconscious mind is a part of the mind that remains hidden at all times, surfacing only in symbolic form in dreams and in some of the behavior people engage in without knowing why they have done so. Freud believed that the unconscious mind was the most important determining factor in human behavior and personality. |
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id |
if it feels good, do it. The id is a completely unconscious, pleasure-seeking, amoral part of the personality that exists at birth, containing all of the basic biological drives: hunger, thirst, self-preservation and sex. The pleasure principal takes place here, which is the desire for immediate gratification of needs with no regard for the consequences. |
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ego |
the executive director. The second part of the personality is mostly conscious and is far more rational, logical, and cunning than the id. The ego works on the reality principle, which is the need to satisfy the demands of the id only in ways that will not lead to negative consequences. "if it feels good, do it, but only if you can get away with it" |
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superego |
the moral watchdog. The moral center of personality is the superego. The super ego contains the conscience, the part of the personality that makes people feel guilt, or moral anxiety, when they do the wrong thing |
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defense mechanisms |
denial: refusal to recognize or acknowledge a threatening situation repression: “pushing” threatening or conflicting events or situations out of conscious memory rationalization: making up acceptable excuses for unacceptable behavior projection: placing one’s own unacceptable thoughts onto others, as if the thoughts belonged to them and not to oneself reaction formation: forming an emotional reaction or attitude that is the opposite of one’s threatening or unacceptable actual thoughts displacement: expressing feelings that would be threatening if directed at the real target onto a less threatening substitute target regression: falling back on childlike patterns as a way of coping with stressful situations identification: trying to become like someone else to deal with one’s anxiety compensation (substitution): trying to make up for areas in which a lack is perceived by becoming superior in some other areas sublimation: turning socially unacceptable urges into socially acceptable behavior |
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Freud's psychosexual stages |
Personality development occurs in a series of psychosexual stages that are determined by the developing sexuality of the child. At each stage, a different erogenous zone, or area of the body that produces pleasurable feelings, becomes important and can become the source of conflicts. conflicts that are not fully resolved can result in fixation, or getting “stuck” to some degree in a stage of development. oral stage (first 18 months): the erogenous zone is the mouth. weaning can be a problem in this stage. anal stage (18 to 36 months): the erogenous zone is the anus; children receive pleasure from withholding and releasing their feces at will. This may turn into anal expulsive personality, someone who sees messiness as a statement of personal control and who is somewhat destructive and hostile, or someone who has anal retentive personality, which means they are stingy, stubborn and excessively neat. phallic stage (3 to 6 years): the awakening of sexual curiosity and interest in the genitals is the beginning of the phallic stage. Freud believed boys developed a fear of losing the penis called castration anxiety, while girls developed penis envy because they were missing a penis. The Oedipus complex states that boys develop both a sexual attraction to their mothers and a jealousy of their fathers during this stage (Oedipus was a king in a Greek tragedy who unknowingly killed his father and married his mother). The Electra complex is a process where girls target their mother as a rival and want to win their father’s affections. latency stage (6 years to puberty): From age 6 to onset of puberty, children will remain in this stage of hidden, or latent, sexual feelings, so this stage is called latency. genital stage (puberty on): bodies are changing and sexual urges are once more allowed into consciousness, but these urges will no longer have the parents as their targets and change into other adolescents. |
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Jung and the collective unconscious |
The collective unconsciousness is Jung's name for the memories shared by all members of the human species. These memories of ancient fears and themes that seem to occur in many folktales and cultures are called archetypes. Two well-known archetypes are anima/animus (the femine side of a man/the masculine side of a woman) and the shadow (the dark side of the personality) |
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Humanistic or Positive Psychology/Theory |
Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow wanted psychology to focus on the things that make people uniquely human, such as subjective emotions and the freedom to choose one's own destiny. Maslow and Rogers believed that humans are always striving to fulfill their innate capacities and capabilities to becoming everything that they can become. This striving for fulfillment is self-actualization tendency. An important tool in human self-actualization is developing an image of oneself or the self-concept. When the ideal self and the real self match up, the person is at peace; however, when there is a mismatch between the real self and ideal self, anxiety and neurotic behavior can be the result. |
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Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs |
physiological needs: to satisfy hunger, thirst, fatigue, etc. safety needs: to feel secure and safe, out of danger belongingness and love needs: to be with others, be accepted, and belong esteem needs: to achieve, be competent, gain approval and recognition aesthetic needs: to appreciate symmetry, order, and beauty self-actualization needs: to find self-fulfillment and realize one’s potential transcendence needs: to find spiritual meaning beyond one’s immediate self |
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Roger & conditional/unconditional positive regard |
Carl Rogers defined positive regard as warmth, affection, love and respect that come from the significant others in people’s life.He believed that people need positive regard to achieve self-actualization. Unconditional positive regard, or love, affection and respect with no strings attached is necessary for people to be able to explore fully all that they can achieve and become. Conditional positive regard is love, affection, respect and warmth that depend on doing what the significant others want.
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Bandura's social cognitive theory |
Social cognitive learning theorists, who emphasize the importance of both the influences of other people’s behavior and of a person’s own expectancies on learning, hold that observational learning, modeling and other cognitive learning techniques can lead to the formation of patterns of personality. In the social cognitive view, behavior is governed not just by the influence of external stimuli and response patterns but also by cognitive processes such as anticipating, judging and memory as well as learning through the imitation of models. Bandura believes that three factors influence one another in determining the patterns of behavior that make up personality: the environment, the behavior itself, and personal or cognitive factors that the person brings into the situation from earlier experiences.
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gender differences in puberty |
Puberty is the physical changes that occur in the body as sexual development reaches its peak. Puberty changes come about 2 years earlier for girls than for boys. Girls puberty includes a growth spurt, menstrual cycle and the capability of the mammary glands producing milk. For males, it includes the deepening of voice, emergence of hair, growth of penis and testes and production of sperm.
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primary sexual characteristics |
Primary sex characteristics are directly involved in human production. These physical characteristics are present in the infant at birth. Female primary sex characteristic include the vagina, uterus, and ovaries. In the male, they include the penis, testes/testicles, the scrotum, and the prostate gland.
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secondary sex characteristics |
Secondary sex characteristics develop during puberty and are only indirectly involved in human reproduction. Secondary sex characteristics for girls include a growth spurt, menstrual cycle and the capability of the mammary glands producing milk. For males, it includes the growth spurt, deepening of voice, emergence of hair, growth of penis and testes and production of sperm. |
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what's the difference in sex and gender? |
Sex is the physical characteristics of being male or female. Gender is the psychological aspects of identifying oneself as male or female. The expectations of one’s culture, the development of one’s personality, and one’s sense of identity are all affected by the concept of gender. |
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locus of control |
Locus of control is the tendency for people to assume that they either have control or do not have control over events and consequences in their lives. People who assume that they have control over what happens in their lives are considered to be internal in locus of control, and those who feel that their lives are controlled by powerful others, luck or fate are considered to be external in locus of control. |
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Self-efficiency |
Self-efficacy is an individual’s expectancy oh how effective his or her efforts to accomplish a goal will be in any particular circumstance. People’s self efficacy may be high or low, depending on what has happened in similar circumstances in the past (success or failure), what other people tell them about their competence, and their own assessment of their abilities. |
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Big 5 Personality Traits |
O-C-E-A-N O-openness C-conscientiousness E-extraversion A-agreeableness N-neuroticism |
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Fight of Flight Response |
The sympathetic division is usually called the fight or flight system because it allows people and animals to deal with all kinds of stressful events. When under stress, the pupils get bigger, the heart beats faster, and glands release a certain stress-related chemicals called hormones into the bloodstream |
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psychosomatic symptoms |
physical symptoms of anxiety that have no medical basis. They can include stomach aches, not wanting to eat, diarrhea, headaches, panic attacks and fatigue. |
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3 types of conflict |
approach-approach conflict - a person experiences desire for two goals, each of which is attractive. "win-win" situation
avoidance-avoidance conflict - the choice between two or more goals or events that are unpleasant. "lose-lose" situation
approach-avoidance conflict - they only involve one goal or event. That goal or event may have both positive and negative aspects that make the goal appealing and yet unappealing at the same time |
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5 styles of dealing with conflict |
Accommodating – This is when you cooperate to a high-degree, and it may be at your own expense, and actually work against your own goals, objectives, and desired outcomes. Avoiding – This is when you simply avoid the issue. Avoiding is not a good long term strategy. Collaborating – This is where you partner or pair up with the other party to achieve both of your goals. Competing – Competition between you and others Compromising – This is the “lose-lose” scenario where neither party really achieves what they want. |
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3 stages of general adaption syndrome (GAS) |
General adaption syndrome is the sequence of physiological reactions that the body goes through when adapting to a stressor. It consists of 3 stages:
1. Alarm; the sympathetic nervous system is activated and the adrenal glands release hormones that increase heart rate, blood pressure and supply of blood sugar, giving a burst of energy
2. Resistance; as the stress continues, thebody settles into sympathetic division activity, continuing to release the stress hormones that help the body fight off, or resist, the stressor
3. Exhaustion; when the resources are gone, exhaustion occurs. When the stressor ends, the parasympathetic division activates and the body attmepts to replenish its resources |
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insanity |
insanity is ot a psychological term; it is a legal term used to argue that a mentally ill pereson who has committed a crime should not be held responsible for his or her actions because that person was unable to understand the difference between right and wrong at the time of the offense. |
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phobia |
A phobia is an irrational, persistent fear of something.
A specific phobia is an irrational fear of some object or specific situation,
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a disorder in which intruding thoughts that occur again and again are followed by some repetitive, ritualistic behavior or mental acts. The compulsions are meant to lower the anxiety caused by the thought.
Social anxiety disorder involves a fear of interacting with others/being in social situations. |
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DSM-IV |
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) - most recent version of a resource used to help psychological pros diagnose psychological disorders. |
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GAD (generalized anxiety disorder) |
a disorder in which excessive anxiety and worries occur more days than not for at least 6 months. These feelings have no particular source that can be pinpointed, nor can the person control the feelings even if an effort is made to do so. |
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panic disorder |
when panic attacks occur more than once or repeatedly, and cause persistent worry or changes in behavior |
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somatoform and conversion disorder |
Somatoform disorders and mental illnesses that cause bodily symptoms, including physical pain. The pain isn't due to any physical cause.
Conversion disorder strikes when people have neurological symptoms that can't be traced back to a medical cause. For example, patients may have symptoms such as paralysis, blindness, hearing loss or loss of sensation or numbness. |
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depression (most common mood disorder) |
Depression is the most common mood disorder. It is when a deeply depressed mood comes on fairly suddenly and either seems to be too severe for the circumstances or exists without any external cause for sadness; it is called major depressive disorder.
People with depression are depressed for most of every day, take little or no pleasure in any activities, feel tired, have trouble sleeping or sleep too much, experience changes in appetite and significant weight changes, experience excessive guilt or feelings of worthlessness, and have trouble concentrating. |
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bipolar disorder |
when a person experiences periods of mood that can range from sever depression to maniac episodes (excessive excitement, energy, and elation), that person has a bipolar disorder.
bipolar I disorder - only experiences moods that span from normal to maniac (excessive excitement/energy)
bipolar II disorder - spans of normal mood and episodes of major depression or hypomania (level of meed that is elevated but @a level below than full mania) |
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Schizophrenia |
long-lasting psychotic disorder (involving a severe break with reality), in which there is an inability to distinguish what is real from fantasy as well as disturbances in thinking, emotions, behavior and perception.
delusions - disorders in thinking. false beliefs about the world that the person holds and that tend to remain fixed and unshakable even in the face of evidence that disproves the delusions. (a common symptom of schiz)
hallucinations - hearing voices or seeing things/people that aren't really there (common symptom of schiz)
catatonia - wildly excessive movement or total lack of movements (common symptom of schiz) |
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3 main types of schizophrenia |
biological: diminished or immobile facial expression, monotone vocal tone, repetitive or agitated movements
psychological: delusions, hallucinations or paranoia, disorganized thoughts and speech
social: impaired ability to identify emotional states of other people, inappropriate emotional reactions or absence of emotion (flat affect is a condition in which the person shows little or no emotion) |
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biological/environmental causes of schizophrenia |
Genes are a major mean of transmitting schiz.
It may develop if the mother was experiencing viral infections during pregnancy.
Other causes include inflammation in the brain, chemical influences, and brain structural defects. |
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what are positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia? |
positive symptoms - reflect an excess or distortion of normal functions, such as hallucinations and delusions.
negative symptoms - reflect a decrease of normal functions, such as poor attention or lack of emotional affect |
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Dissociative Identity Disorder |
Dissociative disorders involve a break, or dissociation, in consciousness, memory, or a person's sense of identity.
Dissociative identity disorder (DID) (multiple personality disorder) - a person seems to experience at least 2 or more distinc tpersonalitites existing in one body. there may be a "core" personality, who usually knows nothing about the other personalities and is the one who experiences "blackouts" or losses of memory and time |
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basic characteristics of psychotherapy |
Psychotherapy involves an individual, couple, or small group of people working directly with a therapist and discussing their concerns or problems. The goal of most psychotherapy is to help both mentally healthy and psychologically disordered persons understand themselves better. |
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deinstitutionalization |
the process of replacing long-stay psychiatric hospitals with less isolated community mental health services for those diagnosed with a mental disorder or developmental disability |
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3 kinds of therapists |
Humanistic therapy: focuses on the conscious, subjective experience of emotion and people's sense of self; promotes insight and emphasizes the importance of individual choice and the potential to change one's behavior
person-centered therapy: developed by Carl Rogers; focuses on match between acutal and ideal self; maladjustment is result of not matching; unconditional positive regard is important for congruence between real and ideal shelves. Therapist uses a nondirective approach and four basic elements to develop the person-therapist relationship
Gestalt therapy: developed by Fritz Perls; focuses on match between actual and ideal self; focuses on the gestalt, or "whole picture". Therapist uses a very DIRECTIVE approach to lead the client through a number of planned experiences (self dialogue, empty chair technique) with the goal of increasing self-awareness. Although aspects of the individuals past are examined, the focus is on denied past, not hidden past; everything is conscious but possibly not in the "here and now" |
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basic approaches to therapy |
therapy: treatment methods aimed at making people feel better and function more effectively
2 primary therapy methods:
psychotherapy - involves an individual, couple, or small group of people working directly with a therapist and discussing their concerns or problems. Includes insight therapies (goal is to understand one's self better) and action therapy (goal is to change behavior).
biomedical therapy - therapy involving use of drugs, surgical methods, electric shock treatments, and noninvasive stimulation techniques. This therapy helps to alleviate the symptoms of a disorder, while psychotherapy addressess issues associated with the disorder.
When both therapies are used together, they facilitate each other. |
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insight therapy |
insight therapies - therapies aimed to help both mentally healthy and psychologically disordered persons understand themselves better
psychoanalysis - insight therapy that emphasizes revealing the unconscious conflicts and desires that are assumeds to cause disordered emotions and behavior *includes, dream interpretation, free association (which is believeing that repressed impulses and other material were trying to "break free" into conscioiusness and would eventually surface using this technique) resistance, (the point at which the patient becomes unwilling to talk about a subject), and transference (when the therapist becomes a symbol of a parental authority figure from the past) |
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cognitive therapy |
developed by Aaron T. Beck. Focuses on helping people CHANGE THEIR WAYS OF THINKING. rather than focusing on the behavior itself, the therapist focuses on the distorted thinking and unrealistic beliefs that lead to maladaptive behavior, especially those distortions relating to depression. |
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systematic desensitization |
a behavior technique used to treat phobias. A client is asked to make a list of ordered fears and taught to relax while concentrating on those fears.
1. client learns to relax 2. client + therapist make a list of fears, growing with amount of fear 3. client begins at the first item on the list that causes minimal fear and confronts it,all while being in a relaxed state
^called a hierarchy of fears |
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stereotypes and difference between prejudice and discrimination |
prejudice - holds a negative attitude about the members of a particular social group
discrimination - when these prejudicial attitudes cause members of a particular social group to be TREATED differently than others
discrimination can be controlled and sometimes eliminated, but prejudicial attitudes cannot be so easily controlled or eliminated |
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internal/external attributions |
attributions - inferences that people make about the causes of events and behavior. Attribution theory proposes that the attributions people make about events and behavior can be classed as either internal or external.
internal attributions - people infer that an event/behavior is due to PERSONAL FACTORS, such as traits, abilities, or feelings
external attributions - people infer that an event/behavior is due to THE SITUATION and it's factors |
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fundamental attribution error & self-serving bias |
fundamental attribution error - the tendency for people observing someone else's actions to overestimate the influence of that person's CHARACTERISTICS on behavior, and underestimate the INFLUENCE OF THE SITUATION (ie, wow he punched someone, he's a terrible, angry person (when in reality that guy was making threats/social media stalker/something))
actor-observer bias - tendency to use SITUATIONAL ATTRIBUTIONS instead of PERSONAL characteristics ("oh, that was just because he was under pressure, not because he's a bad person") |
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attitudes |
the tendency to respond positively or negatively toward a certain idea/person/object/situation |
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cognitive dissonance |
cognitive dissonance - unpleasant feelings/tension caused by when people find themselves doing/saying things that don't match their idea of themselves as smart, nice or moral.
to eliminate, people can 1. change their conflicting behavior to match their attitude 2. change thier conflicting thinking to justify their behavior 3. form new cognitions to justify their behavior |
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conformity |
changing one's own behavior to more closely match the actions of others |
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compliance |
people change their behavior due to another person or group asking/directing them to change, often IN THE ABSENCE OF ANY REAL AUTHORITY OR POWER |
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obedience |
changing one's behavior at the direct order of an authority figure |
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prosocial behavior |
socially desirable behavior that beneftis others rather than brings harm (being a good person) |
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altruism |
helping someone in trouble with no expectation of reward and often without fear for one's own safety |
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social facilitation |
positive influence of others on performance |
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social impairment |
negative influence of others on performance |
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deindividuation |
lessening of a person's sense of personal identity and personal responsibility |
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bystander effect |
finding that the likelihood of a bystander (someone observing an event and close enought to offer help) to help someone in trouble DECREASES as the number of bystanders INCREASES |
