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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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developmental psychology
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the study of progressive changes in abilities and behaviors from conception to death (from the womb to the tomb)
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Temperament
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Temperament has a genetic basis, but is modified by nurture.
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3 types of temperaments |
a. Easy child temperament (40%) – smiles a lot, predictable, agreeable (not fussy) b. Difficult child temperament (15%) – temperamental/moody, cries a lot with great intensity, easily angered c. Slow to warm up child temperament (10%)– shy, withdrawn, and unexpressive |
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Prenatal environmental factors |
a. Poor nutrition of the mother during pregnancy b. Drug usage during pregnancy (can cause brain damage and retardation) c. Exposure to radiation by mother d. Exposure to STDs (can cause blindness) All can cause birth defects or congenital problems and all happen after conception. All are preventable. Genetic problems happen at conception (problem with sperm or egg) i.e. down syndrome. |
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Maturation |
refers to the physical growth and development of the brain and body |
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Readiness |
refers to a condition that happens at maturation when environmental influences, forces, and environmental conditions are most beneficial for human growth and development |
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Language development |
By Noam Chomsky – Language expert Said that humans have a biological predisposition to use language and to speak |
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5 stages of language development |
5 stages of language development a. Crying – 1st month b. Cooing – 2nd month (vowel like sounds) c. Babbling – 6 month (continuous language like sounds) d. Single word – 1 year (one word) e. Telegraphic speech stage – 1 ½ year (two words – baby talk) By 7 years old a child can use 4,000 words and understand 8,000 words.
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Cognitive development |
By Jean Piaget 2 processes of cognitive development a. Assimilation – taking in information – rote learning – repetition b. Accommodation – understanding the information |
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4 stages of cognitive development
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a. 1st stage – sensorimotor stage – (birth to 2 yrs.)
a. Sensory exploration of the environment that causes brain/cognitive development b. 2nd stage – preoperational stage – (2 years to 7 years) a. Preschool (2 yrs. to 5 yrs.) – Children at this stage are very literal minded, no contingencies b. Ego-centric c. Cannot think backwards/cannot reverse their thoughts d. Brutally honest e. Do not understand the concept of conservation c. 3rd stage – concrete operation – (7 yrs. to 11 yrs.) a. Less ego-centric b. Understands conservation c. Can think backwards d. 4th stage – formal operational stage – (12 yrs. +) a. Child begins to reason and think like an adult b. Moral development begins |
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Psychological development |
By Erik Erikson Erikson’s 8 psychosocial stages of development a. Trust or mistrust (birth – 1 yr) – Children have a sense of hope b. Autonomy or doubt/shame (1yr – 3yrs) – Children have a sense of will c. Initiative or guilt (3 yrs – 5 yrs) – At this age children love to help & have a sense of purpose d. Industry or inferiority (6 yrs – 12 yrs) – Children develop sense of competence e. Adolescence (12 yrs – 19 yrs) – Develop identity or become confused with their role – Fidelity – true to values f. Young adulthood (19 yrs – 35 yrs) – Develop intimacy or isolation – Love g. Midlife (35 yrs – 55 yrs) – Parenthood – Generativity or stagnant h. Retirement (60+ yrs) – Integrity or despair – want to reach full of wisdom |
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Goals of Parenting
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a. To prepare child to be independent (cook, clean, teach how to spend/save)
b. To teach children values (best way to teach values, is to show values) c. Help children recognize and develop their abilities d. Teach them to love and value themselves (they must know you love and value them) e. Teach them safety skills |
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3 Styles of Parenting |
Diana Baumrind a. Authoritarian – very strict, very rigid, no affection b. Overly permissive – child controls parent c. Authoritative – very firm, but loving and affectionate |
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Death |
5 reactions to impending death – Elisabeth Kübler-Ross – bereavement specialist a. Denial b. Anger c. Bargaining d. Depression e. Acceptance |
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Definition of health psychology
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A division in psychology that studies how mental, social, and physical factors affect health.
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3 Aspects of health |
a. Mental health – General view of life, self, and world (optimistic/pessimistic). How and what you think. b. Social Health – Relationships (therapeutic/toxic) c. Physical Health – Care for your body – sleep, diet, exercise, overweight or underweight |
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Definition of Stress |
Stress happens whenever a challenge or a threat forces a person to adjust to a changing environment. |
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5 characteristics of unhealthy stress |
a. Chronic pressure – trying to meet unrealistic demands with limited time to perform a task. b. Uncontrollable situations – negative things in our lives that we cannot control. a. People become more stressed when they try to control something that cannot be controlled. c. Unpredictable situations – negative events that will happen any time. d. Chronic frustrations – a negative emotional state that happens when a person is prevented/hindered from reaching his/her goals. e. Conflict – happens when a person has to must choose between incompatible and contradictory things. |
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Chronic pressure |
trying to meet unrealistic demands with limited time to perform a task. |
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Uncontrollable situations |
negative things in our lives that we cannot control. |
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Unpredictable situations |
negative events that will happen any time. |
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Chronic frustrations
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a negative emotional state that happens when a person is prevented/hindered from reaching his/her goals.
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2 sources of frustration |
a. Personal frustration – happens when there are personal liabilities, disabilities that prevent a person from reaching his/her goals. b. External frustration – conditions from the environment that prevent a person from reaching his/her goals. |
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Reactions to frustrations
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* Direct aggression – attacking the source of your frustrations.
* Indirect aggression – taking out your frustrations on someone or something that is not related to the source of frustration. * Running away – escaping, avoiding, withdrawing from a person or situation. * Emotional Insulation – when a person stops caring or feeling about anything around them. * Be persistent – don’t give in or give up. (Goals must be highly prized, desirable, or valuable) |
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Conflict
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happens when a person must choose between incompatible and contradictory things.
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4 types of conflict |
a. Approach(+)/Approach(+) conflict – choosing between 2 positive things when you need both. b. Avoidance(-)/Avoidance(-) conflict – choosing between 2 negatives (bad horrible) things that will both cause you serious harm. c. Approach(+)/Avoidance(-) conflict – a choice that has a very good and a very bad outcome. d. Double Approach(+-)/Avoidance(+-) conflict 2 choices that each have a good and bad outcome. i.e. 2 colleges, 2 careers, 2 routes, 2 cars, 2 jobs, 2 locations, 2 houses |
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Tips to help choose |
1. Write down pros & cons. 2. Get another opinion from someone you value & trust (Two heads are better than one). 3. Once you’ve made a decision go into it with both feet. |
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Psychosomatic Diseases psycho (mind) & somatic (body) |
Psychosomatic diseases are caused due to stress which can cause organ damage or failure. “A besieged mind causes a diseased body.” |
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Examples of psychosomatic diseases |
* Ulcer * Hypertension – high blood pressure * Asthma – difficulty breathing * Heart disease * Eczema – dry & itchy skin disease * Colitis – obstruction of the colon * Alopecia – hair loss * Insomnia * Migraines – horrific headaches |
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The General Adaption Syndrome |
(Dr. Hans Sealy) - A series of bodily reactions to stress. |
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3 Stages of the general adaption syndrome |
a. Alarm stage – Body releases stress hormones (adrenaline/corticol) – these hormones give signs of sickness. a. Signs of Sickness: headaches, shortness of breath, upset stomach, dry skin, elevation of blood pressure. b. Stage of resistance – body cannot resist additional stress - appearance of psychosomatic diseases c. Stage of exhaustion and collapse – organ failure, heart attack, stroke, depression, psychosis (loss of contact) |
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Stress Management Techniques for reducing stress and coping with stress. |
b. Recognize and accept your limits (things that are limited: time, finances/money, and resources) c. Learn to say “no” d. Strike a balance in your life (find time for important things in your life, but do not spend too much time on one thing, causing other things to be neglected) e. Become more organized f. Take regular technology breaks (Everything that is urgent, is not important) g. Regular exercise h. Slow down and give yourself time (haste leads to waste) i. Seek help (social/spiritual support) j. Journaling (getting your feelings out) k. Quiet soothing music & humor |
