Psychology Exam 4

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Unconscious

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contains thoughts, memories, and desires that are well below the surface of conscious awareness but that nonetheless exert great influence on behavior.

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Who was Sigmund Freud?

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an Austrian physician who believed in psychoanalysis.

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psychoanalytic theory

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attempts to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious determinants of behavior.

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behaviorism

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a theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behavior.

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behavior

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any overt observable response or activity by an organism.

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What is nature vs. nurture?

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are you born or made?

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Watsons belief

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downplayed the importance of heredity. maintaining that behavior is governed by environment.

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conditioned reflex

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dogs could be trained to salivate in response to a auditory stimulus.

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Skinner

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organisms tend to repeat responses that lead to positive outcomes, and they tend not to repeat neutral or negative outcomes.

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humanism

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is a theoretical orientation that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, especially their freedom and their potential for personal growth.

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Principal Contributors of Behavioral Psychology

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John B. Watson
Ivan Pavlov
B. F. Skinner

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Principal contributors of psychoanalytic psychology

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Sigmund Freud
Carl Jung
Alfred Adler

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Principal contributors of humanistic psychology

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Carl Rogers
Abraham Maslow

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Principal contributors of cognitive psychology

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Jean Piaget
Noam Chomsky
Herbert Simon

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Principal contributors of biological psychology

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James Olds
Roger Sperry
David Hubel
Torsten Wiesel

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Principal contributors of evolutionary psychology

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David Buss
Martin Daly
Margo Wilson
Leda Cosmides
John Tooby

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What does the concept of personality explain?

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1) stability in a person's behavior over time and across situations
2) the behavioral differences among people reacting to the same situation

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Personality

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refers to an individual's unique constellation of consistent behavioral traits

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Personality trait

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durable disposition to behave in a particular way in a variety of situations

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Factor Analysis

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correlations among many variables are analyzed to identify closely related clusters of variables.

ex. Raymond Catell reduces a list of 171 personality traits to 16

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What are the five- factor model of personality traits?

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neuroticism
extraversion
openness
agreeableness
conscientiousness

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Extraversion

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outgoing, sociable, upbeat, friendly, assertive.

tend to be happier than others

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Neuroticism

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anxious, hostile, self-conscious, insecure and vulnerable

tend to overreact more than others in response to stress

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openness to experience

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curiosity, flexibility, vivid fantasy, imaginativeness, artistic sensitivity

tend to exhibit less prejudice against minorities

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agreeableness

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sympathetic, trusting, cooperative, modest and straightforward

tend to approach conflict resolution

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conscientiousness

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disciplined, well organized, punctual, dependable

tend to be highly diligent in the work place

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Psychodynamic theories

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include all the diverse theories descended from the work of Sigmund Freud, which focus on unconscious forces

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What does the psychoanalytic theory explain?

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personality, motivation, and psychological disorders by focusing on early childhood experiences, on unconscious motives and conflicts and on the methods people use to cope with their sexual and aggressive urges

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Sigmund Freud

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Who devised the id, the ego and the superego?

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The id

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the primitive, instinctive component of personality that operates according to the pleasure principle.

controls urge to sleep, eat, copulate

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The ego

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the decision making component of personality that operates according to the reality principle

considers social norms, rules, manners

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The superego

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the moral component of personality that incorporates social standards about what represents right and wrong.

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conscious

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whatever one is aware of at a particular point

ex. awareness of your eyes getting tired

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preconscious

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material just beneath the surface of awareness that can easily be retrieved

ex. middle name, what you had for dinner

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unconscious

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thoughts, memories, and desires that are well below the surface of conscious awareness but that nonetheless exert great influence on behavior

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Example of id vs. ego

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id urges you to stop reading so you can eat and watch tv. the ego weighs this option against your society induced need to excel in school.

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Defense mechanisms

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largely unconscious reactions that protect person from unpleasant emotions such as anxiety and guilt

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rationalization

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creating false but plausible excuses to justify unacceptable behavior

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repression

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keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious.

"motivated forgetting"

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Projection

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attributing one's own thoughts, feelings and motives to another.

ex. lusting over a coworker makes you feel guilty, you might attribute any tension to the other persons desire to seduce you

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displacement

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diverting emotional feelings from their original source to a substitute target

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reaction formation

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behaving in a way that is exactly the opposite of one's true feelings.

ex. males who ridicule homosexuals are defending their own latent homosexual impulses

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regression

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reversion to immature patterns of behavior

ex. fired executive brags abut his incomparable talents

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identification

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bolstering self-esteem by forming an imaginary or real alliance with some person or group.

ex. young people identifying with rock star

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Fixation

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failure to move forward from one stage to another as expected

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Oral stage

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0-1 years old
mouth (sucking, biting)
weaning from breast or bottle

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Anal Stage

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2-3 years old
anus ( expelling or retaining feces)
toilet training

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Phallic Stage

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4-5 years old
genitals (masturbating)
identifying with adult role models

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Latency Stage

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6-12 years old
none (sexually repressed)
expanding social contacts

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Genital Stage

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Puberty Onward
genitals ( being sexually intimate)
establishing intimate relationships

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Oedipal Complex

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children manifest erotically tinged desires for their opposite sex parent, accompanied by feelings of hostility toward their same sex parent.

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Jung's Personal unconscious

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houses material that is not within one's conscious awareness because it has been repressed or forgotten

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Jung's collective unconscious

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storehouse of latent memory traces inherited from peoples ancestral past

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archetypes

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emotionally charges images and thought forms that have universal meaning

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The psychodynamic approach

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1) unconscious forces influence behavior
2) internal conflict often plays a key role in generating psychological distress
3) early childhood experiences can have powerful influences on adult personality
4) people use defense mechanisms to reduce their experience of unpleasant emotions

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behaviorism

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theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behavior

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behavior is fully determined by environmental stimuli.

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What did Skinner believe?

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Punishment determines peoples patterns of responding

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ex. if your joking at a party pays off with favorable attention your tendency to joke at parties will increase.

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Social Cognitive theory

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personality is largely shaped through learning

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reciprocal determinism

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the idea that internal mental events, external environmental events, and overt behavior all influence one another.

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observational learning

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occurs when an organism's responding is influence by the observation of others who are called models.

ex. watching your sister get cheated by a bad check for her old stereo strengthens you tendency to be suspicious of others.

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model

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is a person whose behavior is observed by another.

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self-efficacy

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refers to one's beliefs about one's ability to perform behaviors that should lead to expected outcomes

ex. feel extremely confident about your ability to handle difficult social situations but doubtful of your ability to handle academic challenges

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humanism

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theoretical orientation that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, especially their freedom and their potential for personal growth

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Humanistic theorists alo maintain that a persons subjective view of the world is more important than objective reality

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ex. if you think your bright or sociable, this belief will influence your behavior more than the realities of being bright or sociable.

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phenomenological approach

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one has to appreciate individuals' personal, subjective experiences to truly understand their behavior.

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self-concept

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a collection of beliefs about one's own nature, unique qualities and typical behavior.

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Incongruence

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the degree of disparity between one's self concept and one's actual experience.

ex. you may believe you are bright but your transcript may suggest otherwise.

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Conditional love

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depends on the child's behaving well and living up to expectations

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hierarchy of needs

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systematic arrangement of needs, according to priority, in which basic needs must be met before less basic needs

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Eysneck

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Personality is determined to a large extent by a person's genes

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Chief goal of terror management theory

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to explain why people need self-esteem

based on awareness of death

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self-esteem

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a sense of personal worth that depends on one's confidence in the validity of one's cultural world view.

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Terror Management theory

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much of people's behavior is motivated by the overlapping needs to defend their cultural world view and preserve their self-esteem.

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Family Studies

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researches assess heredity influence by examining blood relatives to see how much they resemble one another on a specific trait

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the medical model

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proposed that it is useful to think of abnormal behavior as a disease

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Diagnosis

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distinguishing one illness from another

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Etiology

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refers to the apparent causation and developmental history of an illness

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-deviance- deviates from what their society sees as acceptable
-maladaptive behavior-everday behavior is impaired. ex. drug abuse
-personal distress-trouble by anxiety or depression

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What four aspect do clinicians look at for diagnosing clinical illness?

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anxiety disorders

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are a class of disorders marked by feelings of excessive apprehension and anxiety

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generalized anxiety disorder

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marked by a chronic, high level of anxiety that is not tied to any specific threat.

ex. worrying about finances

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phobic disorder

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marked by persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger.

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panic disorder

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characterized by recurrent attacks of overwhelming anxiety that usually occur suddenly and unexpectedly.

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agoraphobia

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fear of going out to public places

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Post-traumatic stress disorder

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involves enduing psychological disturbance attributed to the experience of a major traumatic event

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concordance rate

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indicates the percentage of twin pairs or other pairs of relatives who exhibit the same disorder