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1680 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Syntax
|
words
|
|
|
Semantics
|
meaning of the words
|
|
|
Babbling
|
beginning at four months the infant spontaneously utters various sounds, like ah-goo and is not an imitation of adult speech
|
|
|
Telegraphic speech
|
two-word stage, before the 2nd year, a child starts to speak in two word sentences, because of this the child speaks like a telegraph
|
|
|
Language acquisition device – Chomsky
|
Chomsky opposed Skinner’s ideas and suggested that the rate of language acquisition is so fast that it cannot be explained through learning principles and thus most of it is inborn (inborn universal grammar)
|
|
|
G factor – general intelligence
|
linked to many clusters that can be analyzed by factor analysis/ a general intelligence that underlies successful performance on a wide variety of tasks
|
|
|
Definition of intelligence
|
(in all cultures) is the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use our knowledge to adapt to new situations
|
|
|
Sternberg’s three intelligences
|
1. Analytical intelligence: assessed by intelligence tests. 2. Creative Intelligence
|
|
|
Definition of creativity
|
the ability to produce ideas that are both novel and invaluable. It correlates somewhat with intelligence,
|
|
|
Five components of creativity
|
expertise, imaginative thinking, a venturesome personality, intrinsic motivation, and a creative environment
|
|
|
Emotional intelligence
|
is the ability to perceive, understand, and use emotions. The test of this measures overall emotional intelligence and its four components: perceive, understand, manage and use.
|
|
|
Alfred Binet
|
developed the first IQ test
|
|
|
Computation of intelligence quotient
|
measure of an individual’s probable performance in school and similar settings. Mental age / actual age x 100 = IQ
|
|
|
Mental age
|
age at which the individual functions
|
|
|
Achievement tests
|
measure how much students have already learned, measure current knowledge and skills
|
|
|
Syntax
|
words
|
|
|
Aptitude tests
|
measures a student’s ability to learn, predicts how well a student is likely to do in school
|
|
|
Semantics
|
meaning of the words
|
|
|
Reliability
|
consistency of results, must be repeatable or stable
|
|
|
Babbling
|
beginning at four months the infant spontaneously utters various sounds, like ah-goo and is not an imitation of adult speech
|
|
|
Validity
|
degree to which a test measures what it’s supposed to measure/ content: extent a test measures a particular behavior/ predictive: function of a test in predicting a particular behavior or trait
|
|
|
Telegraphic speech
|
two-word stage, before the 2nd year, a child starts to speak in two word sentences, because of this the child speaks like a telegraph
|
|
|
Definition of personality
|
an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
|
|
|
Language acquisition device – Chomsky
|
Chomsky opposed Skinner’s ideas and suggested that the rate of language acquisition is so fast that it cannot be explained through learning principles and thus most of it is inborn (inborn universal grammar)
|
|
|
Free association
|
asking patients to say whatever came to their minds (chain of thoughts) in order to tap the unconscious mind
|
|
|
G factor – general intelligence
|
linked to many clusters that can be analyzed by factor analysis/ a general intelligence that underlies successful performance on a wide variety of tasks
|
|
|
Psychoanalysis
|
theory of personality and a way of treating mental disorders (interaction of unconscious conflicting forces)
|
|
|
Definition of intelligence
|
(in all cultures) is the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use our knowledge to adapt to new situations
|
|
|
Id
|
unconsciously strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives, operating on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification
|
|
|
Sternberg’s three intelligences
|
1. Analytical intelligence: assessed by intelligence tests. 2. Creative Intelligence
|
|
|
Ego
|
function as the “executive” and mediates the demands of the id and the super ego
|
|
|
Definition of creativity
|
the ability to produce ideas that are both novel and invaluable. It correlates somewhat with intelligence,
|
|
|
Superego
|
provides standards for judgment (the conscious) and for future aspirations
|
|
|
Five components of creativity
|
expertise, imaginative thinking, a venturesome personality, intrinsic motivation, and a creative environment
|
|
|
Psychosexual stages
|
oral (pleasure centers on mouth), anal (pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination), phallic (zone in genitals), latency (dormant sexual feelings), genital (maturation of sexual interests)
|
|
|
Emotional intelligence
|
is the ability to perceive, understand, and use emotions. The test of this measures overall emotional intelligence and its four components: perceive, understand, manage and use.
|
|
|
Defense mechanisms
|
repression, regression, reaction formation, projection, rationalization, and displacement
|
|
|
Alfred Binet
|
developed the first IQ test
|
|
|
TAT
|
thematic apperation test, developed by Henry Murray, is a projective test in which people express the inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
|
|
|
Computation of intelligence quotient
|
measure of an individual’s probable performance in school and similar settings. Mental age / actual age x 100 = IQ
|
|
|
Rorschach ink blots
|
the most widely used projective test uses a set of ten inkblots and was designed by Hermann Rorschach
|
|
|
Mental age
|
age at which the individual functions
|
|
|
Self-actualization
|
Maslow suggested that those who fulfill their potential have satisfied this need
|
|
|
Achievement tests
|
measure how much students have already learned, measure current knowledge and skills
|
|
|
Unconditional positive regard
|
an attitude of acceptance of others despite their failings. Carl Rogers also believed in an individual’s self
|
|
|
Aptitude tests
|
measures a student’s ability to learn, predicts how well a student is likely to do in school
|
|
|
Traits
|
characteristic patterns of behavior and conscious motives
|
|
|
Reliability
|
consistency of results, must be repeatable or stable
|
|
|
Introversion
|
more self conscience and to ones self
|
|
|
Validity
|
degree to which a test measures what it’s supposed to measure/ content: extent a test measures a particular behavior/ predictive: function of a test in predicting a particular behavior or trait
|
|
|
Extroversion
|
more sociable and outgoing
|
|
|
Definition of personality
|
an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
|
|
|
MMPI
|
the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory is the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. It was originally developed to identify emotional disorders.
|
|
|
Free association
|
asking patients to say whatever came to their minds (chain of thoughts) in order to tap the unconscious mind
|
|
|
The person/situation controversy
|
Walter Mischel points out that traits may be enduring, but the resulting behavior in various situations is different. Therefore, traits are not a good predictor of behaviors.
|
|
|
Psychoanalysis
|
theory of personality and a way of treating mental disorders (interaction of unconscious conflicting forces)
|
|
|
External locus of control
|
refers to the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate
|
|
|
Id
|
unconsciously strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives, operating on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification
|
|
|
Internal locus of control
|
refers to the perception that we can control our own fate
|
|
|
Ego
|
function as the “executive” and mediates the demands of the id and the super ego
|
|
|
Def. of social psychology
|
scientifically studies how people think about, influence and relate to one another
|
|
|
Superego
|
provides standards for judgment (the conscious) and for future aspirations
|
|
|
Fundamental attribution error
|
our tendency to underestimate the impact of situational influences, and to overestimate the impact of personal dispositions in explaining the behavior of others
|
|
|
Psychosexual stages
|
oral (pleasure centers on mouth), anal (pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination), phallic (zone in genitals), latency (dormant sexual feelings), genital (maturation of sexual interests)
|
|
|
Attribution theory
|
how people explain others’ behavior
|
|
|
Defense mechanisms
|
repression, regression, reaction formation, projection, rationalization, and displacement
|
|
|
Attitude
|
belief and feeling that predisposes one to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events
|
|
|
TAT
|
thematic apperation test, developed by Henry Murray, is a projective test in which people express the inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
|
|
|
Central route of persuasion
|
involves being persuaded by the arguments or content of the message
|
|
|
Rorschach ink blots
|
the most widely used projective test uses a set of ten inkblots and was designed by Hermann Rorschach
|
|
|
Peripheral route of persuasion
|
involves being persuaded in a manner that is not based on the arguments or the message content
|
|
|
Self-actualization
|
Maslow suggested that those who fulfill their potential have satisfied this need
|
|
|
Foot in the door phenomenon
|
tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request, to comply later with a large request
|
|
|
Unconditional positive regard
|
an attitude of acceptance of others despite their failings. Carl Rogers also believed in an individual’s self
|
|
|
Roles
|
|
|
|
Traits
|
characteristic patterns of behavior and conscious motives
|
|
|
Cognitive dissonance theory
|
when our attitudes and actions are opposed, we experience tension
|
|
|
Introversion
|
more self conscience and to ones self
|
|
|
Conformity
|
adjusting one’s behavior or thinking toward a group standard
|
|
|
Extroversion
|
more sociable and outgoing
|
|
|
Asch’s conformity experiments
|
used suggestibility (adjusting our behavior thinking toward some group standard)
|
|
|
MMPI
|
the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory is the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. It was originally developed to identify emotional disorders.
|
|
|
Normative social influence
|
influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid rejection
|
|
|
The person/situation controversy
|
Walter Mischel points out that traits may be enduring, but the resulting behavior in various situations is different. Therefore, traits are not a good predictor of behaviors.
|
|
|
Informational social influence
|
the group may provide valuable information, but stubborn people will never listen to others
|
|
|
External locus of control
|
refers to the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate
|
|
|
Milgram’s obedience studies
|
investigates the effects of authority on obedience
|
|
|
Internal locus of control
|
refers to the perception that we can control our own fate
|
|
|
Social facilitation
|
refers to improved performance on tasks in the presence of others
|
|
|
Def. of social psychology
|
scientifically studies how people think about, influence and relate to one another
|
|
|
Social loafing
|
the tendency of an individual in a group to exert less effort toward attaining a common goal than when tested individually
|
|
|
Fundamental attribution error
|
our tendency to underestimate the impact of situational influences, and to overestimate the impact of personal dispositions in explaining the behavior of others
|
|
|
Deindividuation
|
the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situation that foster arousal and anonymity (like mob behavior)
|
|
|
Attribution theory
|
how people explain others’ behavior
|
|
|
Group polarization
|
enhances a group’s prevailing attitudes through a discussion. If a group is likeminded, discussion strengthens its prevailing opinions and attitudes
|
|
|
Attitude
|
belief and feeling that predisposes one to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events
|
|
|
Groupthink
|
a mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision
|
|
|
Central route of persuasion
|
involves being persuaded by the arguments or content of the message
|
|
|
Prejudice, stereotype, discrimination
|
prejudgment is unjustifiable, usually negative, attitude toward a group and its members and is often directed towards different cultural ethnic, or gender groups, provides an outlet for anger [emotion] by providing someone to blame. There are three components: beliefs (stereotypes), emotions (hostility, envy, fear), predisposition to act (to discriminate)
|
|
|
Peripheral route of persuasion
|
involves being persuaded in a manner that is not based on the arguments or the message content
|
|
|
Ingroup biases
|
people with whom one shares a common identity have the tendency to favor ones’ own group
|
|
|
Foot in the door phenomenon
|
tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request, to comply later with a large request
|
|
|
Outgroup biases
|
those perceived as being different from one’s ingroup
|
|
|
Roles
|
|
|
|
Scapegoat theory
|
prejudice provides an outlet for anger [emotion] by providing someone to blame
|
|
|
Cognitive dissonance theory
|
when our attitudes and actions are opposed, we experience tension
|
|
|
Just-world phenomenon
|
the tendency of people to believe the world is just, and that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get
|
|
|
Conformity
|
adjusting one’s behavior or thinking toward a group standard
|
|
|
Frustration aggression principle
|
a principle in which frustration (caused by blocking of an attempt to achieve a desired goal) creates anger, which can generate aggression
|
|
|
Asch’s conformity experiments
|
used suggestibility (adjusting our behavior thinking toward some group standard)
|
|
|
Mere exposure effect
|
repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases their attraction
|
|
|
Normative social influence
|
influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid rejection
|
|
|
Proximity
|
geographic nearness is a powerful predictor of friendship
|
|
|
Informational social influence
|
the group may provide valuable information, but stubborn people will never listen to others
|
|
|
Similarity
|
age, religion, smoking habits, balanced relationships
|
|
|
Milgram’s obedience studies
|
investigates the effects of authority on obedience
|
|
|
Passionate love
|
an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship
|
|
|
Social facilitation
|
refers to improved performance on tasks in the presence of others
|
|
|
Companionate love
|
a deep, affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined
|
|
|
Social loafing
|
the tendency of an individual in a group to exert less effort toward attaining a common goal than when tested individually
|
|
|
Self
|
disclosure
|
|
|
Deindividuation
|
the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situation that foster arousal and anonymity (like mob behavior)
|
|
|
Altruism
|
an unselfish regard for the welfare of others
|
|
|
Group polarization
|
enhances a group’s prevailing attitudes through a discussion. If a group is likeminded, discussion strengthens its prevailing opinions and attitudes
|
|
|
Bystander intervention
|
tendency of any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
|
|
|
Groupthink
|
a mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision
|
|
|
Syntax
|
words
|
|
|
Prejudice, stereotype, discrimination
|
prejudgment is unjustifiable, usually negative, attitude toward a group and its members and is often directed towards different cultural ethnic, or gender groups, provides an outlet for anger [emotion] by providing someone to blame. There are three components: beliefs (stereotypes), emotions (hostility, envy, fear), predisposition to act (to discriminate)
|
|
|
Semantics
|
meaning of the words
|
|
|
Ingroup biases
|
people with whom one shares a common identity have the tendency to favor ones’ own group
|
|
|
Babbling
|
beginning at four months the infant spontaneously utters various sounds, like ah-goo and is not an imitation of adult speech
|
|
|
Outgroup biases
|
those perceived as being different from one’s ingroup
|
|
|
Telegraphic speech
|
two-word stage, before the 2nd year, a child starts to speak in two word sentences, because of this the child speaks like a telegraph
|
|
|
Scapegoat theory
|
prejudice provides an outlet for anger [emotion] by providing someone to blame
|
|
|
Language acquisition device – Chomsky
|
Chomsky opposed Skinner’s ideas and suggested that the rate of language acquisition is so fast that it cannot be explained through learning principles and thus most of it is inborn (inborn universal grammar)
|
|
|
Just-world phenomenon
|
the tendency of people to believe the world is just, and that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get
|
|
|
G factor – general intelligence
|
linked to many clusters that can be analyzed by factor analysis/ a general intelligence that underlies successful performance on a wide variety of tasks
|
|
|
Frustration aggression principle
|
a principle in which frustration (caused by blocking of an attempt to achieve a desired goal) creates anger, which can generate aggression
|
|
|
Definition of intelligence
|
(in all cultures) is the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use our knowledge to adapt to new situations
|
|
|
Mere exposure effect
|
repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases their attraction
|
|
|
Sternberg’s three intelligences
|
1. Analytical intelligence: assessed by intelligence tests. 2. Creative Intelligence
|
|
|
Proximity
|
geographic nearness is a powerful predictor of friendship
|
|
|
Definition of creativity
|
the ability to produce ideas that are both novel and invaluable. It correlates somewhat with intelligence,
|
|
|
Similarity
|
age, religion, smoking habits, balanced relationships
|
|
|
Five components of creativity
|
expertise, imaginative thinking, a venturesome personality, intrinsic motivation, and a creative environment
|
|
|
Passionate love
|
an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship
|
|
|
Emotional intelligence
|
is the ability to perceive, understand, and use emotions. The test of this measures overall emotional intelligence and its four components: perceive, understand, manage and use.
|
|
|
Companionate love
|
a deep, affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined
|
|
|
Alfred Binet
|
developed the first IQ test
|
|
|
Self
|
disclosure
|
|
|
Computation of intelligence quotient
|
measure of an individual’s probable performance in school and similar settings. Mental age / actual age x 100 = IQ
|
|
|
Altruism
|
an unselfish regard for the welfare of others
|
|
|
Mental age
|
age at which the individual functions
|
|
|
Bystander intervention
|
tendency of any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
|
|
|
Achievement tests
|
measure how much students have already learned, measure current knowledge and skills
|
|
|
Syntax
|
words
|
|
|
Aptitude tests
|
measures a student’s ability to learn, predicts how well a student is likely to do in school
|
|
|
Semantics
|
meaning of the words
|
|
|
Reliability
|
consistency of results, must be repeatable or stable
|
|
|
Babbling
|
beginning at four months the infant spontaneously utters various sounds, like ah-goo and is not an imitation of adult speech
|
|
|
Validity
|
degree to which a test measures what it’s supposed to measure/ content: extent a test measures a particular behavior/ predictive: function of a test in predicting a particular behavior or trait
|
|
|
Telegraphic speech
|
two-word stage, before the 2nd year, a child starts to speak in two word sentences, because of this the child speaks like a telegraph
|
|
|
Definition of personality
|
an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
|
|
|
Language acquisition device – Chomsky
|
Chomsky opposed Skinner’s ideas and suggested that the rate of language acquisition is so fast that it cannot be explained through learning principles and thus most of it is inborn (inborn universal grammar)
|
|
|
Free association
|
asking patients to say whatever came to their minds (chain of thoughts) in order to tap the unconscious mind
|
|
|
G factor – general intelligence
|
linked to many clusters that can be analyzed by factor analysis/ a general intelligence that underlies successful performance on a wide variety of tasks
|
|
|
Psychoanalysis
|
theory of personality and a way of treating mental disorders (interaction of unconscious conflicting forces)
|
|
|
Definition of intelligence
|
(in all cultures) is the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use our knowledge to adapt to new situations
|
|
|
Id
|
unconsciously strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives, operating on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification
|
|
|
Sternberg’s three intelligences
|
1. Analytical intelligence: assessed by intelligence tests. 2. Creative Intelligence
|
|
|
Ego
|
function as the “executive” and mediates the demands of the id and the super ego
|
|
|
Definition of creativity
|
the ability to produce ideas that are both novel and invaluable. It correlates somewhat with intelligence,
|
|
|
Superego
|
provides standards for judgment (the conscious) and for future aspirations
|
|
|
Five components of creativity
|
expertise, imaginative thinking, a venturesome personality, intrinsic motivation, and a creative environment
|
|
|
Psychosexual stages
|
oral (pleasure centers on mouth), anal (pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination), phallic (zone in genitals), latency (dormant sexual feelings), genital (maturation of sexual interests)
|
|
|
Emotional intelligence
|
is the ability to perceive, understand, and use emotions. The test of this measures overall emotional intelligence and its four components: perceive, understand, manage and use.
|
|
|
Defense mechanisms
|
repression, regression, reaction formation, projection, rationalization, and displacement
|
|
|
Alfred Binet
|
developed the first IQ test
|
|
|
TAT
|
thematic apperation test, developed by Henry Murray, is a projective test in which people express the inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
|
|
|
Computation of intelligence quotient
|
measure of an individual’s probable performance in school and similar settings. Mental age / actual age x 100 = IQ
|
|
|
Rorschach ink blots
|
the most widely used projective test uses a set of ten inkblots and was designed by Hermann Rorschach
|
|
|
Mental age
|
age at which the individual functions
|
|
|
Achievement tests
|
measure how much students have already learned, measure current knowledge and skills
|
|
|
Self-actualization
|
Maslow suggested that those who fulfill their potential have satisfied this need
|
|
|
Unconditional positive regard
|
an attitude of acceptance of others despite their failings. Carl Rogers also believed in an individual’s self
|
|
|
Aptitude tests
|
measures a student’s ability to learn, predicts how well a student is likely to do in school
|
|
|
Traits
|
characteristic patterns of behavior and conscious motives
|
|
|
Reliability
|
consistency of results, must be repeatable or stable
|
|
|
Introversion
|
more self conscience and to ones self
|
|
|
Validity
|
degree to which a test measures what it’s supposed to measure/ content: extent a test measures a particular behavior/ predictive: function of a test in predicting a particular behavior or trait
|
|
|
Extroversion
|
more sociable and outgoing
|
|
|
Definition of personality
|
an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
|
|
|
MMPI
|
the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory is the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. It was originally developed to identify emotional disorders.
|
|
|
Free association
|
asking patients to say whatever came to their minds (chain of thoughts) in order to tap the unconscious mind
|
|
|
The person/situation controversy
|
Walter Mischel points out that traits may be enduring, but the resulting behavior in various situations is different. Therefore, traits are not a good predictor of behaviors.
|
|
|
Psychoanalysis
|
theory of personality and a way of treating mental disorders (interaction of unconscious conflicting forces)
|
|
|
External locus of control
|
refers to the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate
|
|
|
Id
|
unconsciously strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives, operating on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification
|
|
|
Internal locus of control
|
refers to the perception that we can control our own fate
|
|
|
Ego
|
function as the “executive” and mediates the demands of the id and the super ego
|
|
|
Def. of social psychology
|
scientifically studies how people think about, influence and relate to one another
|
|
|
Superego
|
provides standards for judgment (the conscious) and for future aspirations
|
|
|
Fundamental attribution error
|
our tendency to underestimate the impact of situational influences, and to overestimate the impact of personal dispositions in explaining the behavior of others
|
|
|
Psychosexual stages
|
oral (pleasure centers on mouth), anal (pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination), phallic (zone in genitals), latency (dormant sexual feelings), genital (maturation of sexual interests)
|
|
|
Attribution theory
|
how people explain others’ behavior
|
|
|
Defense mechanisms
|
repression, regression, reaction formation, projection, rationalization, and displacement
|
|
|
Attitude
|
belief and feeling that predisposes one to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events
|
|
|
TAT
|
thematic apperation test, developed by Henry Murray, is a projective test in which people express the inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
|
|
|
Central route of persuasion
|
involves being persuaded by the arguments or content of the message
|
|
|
Rorschach ink blots
|
the most widely used projective test uses a set of ten inkblots and was designed by Hermann Rorschach
|
|
|
Peripheral route of persuasion
|
involves being persuaded in a manner that is not based on the arguments or the message content
|
|
|
Self-actualization
|
Maslow suggested that those who fulfill their potential have satisfied this need
|
|
|
Foot in the door phenomenon
|
tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request, to comply later with a large request
|
|
|
Unconditional positive regard
|
an attitude of acceptance of others despite their failings. Carl Rogers also believed in an individual’s self
|
|
|
Roles
|
|
|
|
Traits
|
characteristic patterns of behavior and conscious motives
|
|
|
Cognitive dissonance theory
|
when our attitudes and actions are opposed, we experience tension
|
|
|
Introversion
|
more self conscience and to ones self
|
|
|
Conformity
|
adjusting one’s behavior or thinking toward a group standard
|
|
|
Extroversion
|
more sociable and outgoing
|
|
|
Asch’s conformity experiments
|
used suggestibility (adjusting our behavior thinking toward some group standard)
|
|
|
MMPI
|
the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory is the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. It was originally developed to identify emotional disorders.
|
|
|
Normative social influence
|
influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid rejection
|
|
|
The person/situation controversy
|
Walter Mischel points out that traits may be enduring, but the resulting behavior in various situations is different. Therefore, traits are not a good predictor of behaviors.
|
|
|
Informational social influence
|
the group may provide valuable information, but stubborn people will never listen to others
|
|
|
External locus of control
|
refers to the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate
|
|
|
Milgram’s obedience studies
|
investigates the effects of authority on obedience
|
|
|
Internal locus of control
|
refers to the perception that we can control our own fate
|
|
|
Social facilitation
|
refers to improved performance on tasks in the presence of others
|
|
|
Def. of social psychology
|
scientifically studies how people think about, influence and relate to one another
|
|
|
Social loafing
|
the tendency of an individual in a group to exert less effort toward attaining a common goal than when tested individually
|
|
|
Fundamental attribution error
|
our tendency to underestimate the impact of situational influences, and to overestimate the impact of personal dispositions in explaining the behavior of others
|
|
|
Deindividuation
|
the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situation that foster arousal and anonymity (like mob behavior)
|
|
|
Attribution theory
|
how people explain others’ behavior
|
|
|
Group polarization
|
enhances a group’s prevailing attitudes through a discussion. If a group is likeminded, discussion strengthens its prevailing opinions and attitudes
|
|
|
Attitude
|
belief and feeling that predisposes one to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events
|
|
|
Groupthink
|
a mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision
|
|
|
Central route of persuasion
|
involves being persuaded by the arguments or content of the message
|
|
|
Prejudice, stereotype, discrimination
|
prejudgment is unjustifiable, usually negative, attitude toward a group and its members and is often directed towards different cultural ethnic, or gender groups, provides an outlet for anger [emotion] by providing someone to blame. There are three components: beliefs (stereotypes), emotions (hostility, envy, fear), predisposition to act (to discriminate)
|
|
|
Peripheral route of persuasion
|
involves being persuaded in a manner that is not based on the arguments or the message content
|
|
|
Ingroup biases
|
people with whom one shares a common identity have the tendency to favor ones’ own group
|
|
|
Foot in the door phenomenon
|
tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request, to comply later with a large request
|
|
|
Outgroup biases
|
those perceived as being different from one’s ingroup
|
|
|
Roles
|
|
|
|
Scapegoat theory
|
prejudice provides an outlet for anger [emotion] by providing someone to blame
|
|
|
Cognitive dissonance theory
|
when our attitudes and actions are opposed, we experience tension
|
|
|
Just-world phenomenon
|
the tendency of people to believe the world is just, and that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get
|
|
|
Conformity
|
adjusting one’s behavior or thinking toward a group standard
|
|
|
Frustration aggression principle
|
a principle in which frustration (caused by blocking of an attempt to achieve a desired goal) creates anger, which can generate aggression
|
|
|
Asch’s conformity experiments
|
used suggestibility (adjusting our behavior thinking toward some group standard)
|
|
|
Mere exposure effect
|
repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases their attraction
|
|
|
Normative social influence
|
influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid rejection
|
|
|
Proximity
|
geographic nearness is a powerful predictor of friendship
|
|
|
Informational social influence
|
the group may provide valuable information, but stubborn people will never listen to others
|
|
|
Similarity
|
age, religion, smoking habits, balanced relationships
|
|
|
Milgram’s obedience studies
|
investigates the effects of authority on obedience
|
|
|
Social facilitation
|
refers to improved performance on tasks in the presence of others
|
|
|
Passionate love
|
an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship
|
|
|
Social loafing
|
the tendency of an individual in a group to exert less effort toward attaining a common goal than when tested individually
|
|
|
Companionate love
|
a deep, affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined
|
|
|
Deindividuation
|
the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situation that foster arousal and anonymity (like mob behavior)
|
|
|
Self
|
disclosure
|
|
|
Group polarization
|
enhances a group’s prevailing attitudes through a discussion. If a group is likeminded, discussion strengthens its prevailing opinions and attitudes
|
|
|
Altruism
|
an unselfish regard for the welfare of others
|
|
|
Groupthink
|
a mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision
|
|
|
Bystander intervention
|
tendency of any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
|
|
|
Prejudice, stereotype, discrimination
|
prejudgment is unjustifiable, usually negative, attitude toward a group and its members and is often directed towards different cultural ethnic, or gender groups, provides an outlet for anger [emotion] by providing someone to blame. There are three components: beliefs (stereotypes), emotions (hostility, envy, fear), predisposition to act (to discriminate)
|
|
|
Syntax
|
words
|
|
|
Ingroup biases
|
people with whom one shares a common identity have the tendency to favor ones’ own group
|
|
|
Semantics
|
meaning of the words
|
|
|
Outgroup biases
|
those perceived as being different from one’s ingroup
|
|
|
Babbling
|
beginning at four months the infant spontaneously utters various sounds, like ah-goo and is not an imitation of adult speech
|
|
|
Scapegoat theory
|
prejudice provides an outlet for anger [emotion] by providing someone to blame
|
|
|
Telegraphic speech
|
two-word stage, before the 2nd year, a child starts to speak in two word sentences, because of this the child speaks like a telegraph
|
|
|
Just-world phenomenon
|
the tendency of people to believe the world is just, and that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get
|
|
|
Language acquisition device – Chomsky
|
Chomsky opposed Skinner’s ideas and suggested that the rate of language acquisition is so fast that it cannot be explained through learning principles and thus most of it is inborn (inborn universal grammar)
|
|
|
Frustration aggression principle
|
a principle in which frustration (caused by blocking of an attempt to achieve a desired goal) creates anger, which can generate aggression
|
|
|
G factor – general intelligence
|
linked to many clusters that can be analyzed by factor analysis/ a general intelligence that underlies successful performance on a wide variety of tasks
|
|
|
Mere exposure effect
|
repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases their attraction
|
|
|
Definition of intelligence
|
(in all cultures) is the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use our knowledge to adapt to new situations
|
|
|
Proximity
|
geographic nearness is a powerful predictor of friendship
|
|
|
Sternberg’s three intelligences
|
1. Analytical intelligence: assessed by intelligence tests. 2. Creative Intelligence
|
|
|
Similarity
|
age, religion, smoking habits, balanced relationships
|
|
|
Definition of creativity
|
the ability to produce ideas that are both novel and invaluable. It correlates somewhat with intelligence,
|
|
|
Passionate love
|
an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship
|
|
|
Five components of creativity
|
expertise, imaginative thinking, a venturesome personality, intrinsic motivation, and a creative environment
|
|
|
Companionate love
|
a deep, affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined
|
|
|
Emotional intelligence
|
is the ability to perceive, understand, and use emotions. The test of this measures overall emotional intelligence and its four components: perceive, understand, manage and use.
|
|
|
Self
|
disclosure
|
|
|
Alfred Binet
|
developed the first IQ test
|
|
|
Altruism
|
an unselfish regard for the welfare of others
|
|
|
Computation of intelligence quotient
|
measure of an individual’s probable performance in school and similar settings. Mental age / actual age x 100 = IQ
|
|
|
Bystander intervention
|
tendency of any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
|
|
|
Mental age
|
age at which the individual functions
|
|
|
Syntax
|
words
|
|
|
Achievement tests
|
measure how much students have already learned, measure current knowledge and skills
|
|
|
Semantics
|
meaning of the words
|
|
|
Aptitude tests
|
measures a student’s ability to learn, predicts how well a student is likely to do in school
|
|
|
Babbling
|
beginning at four months the infant spontaneously utters various sounds, like ah-goo and is not an imitation of adult speech
|
|
|
Reliability
|
consistency of results, must be repeatable or stable
|
|
|
Telegraphic speech
|
two-word stage, before the 2nd year, a child starts to speak in two word sentences, because of this the child speaks like a telegraph
|
|
|
Validity
|
degree to which a test measures what it’s supposed to measure/ content: extent a test measures a particular behavior/ predictive: function of a test in predicting a particular behavior or trait
|
|
|
Language acquisition device – Chomsky
|
Chomsky opposed Skinner’s ideas and suggested that the rate of language acquisition is so fast that it cannot be explained through learning principles and thus most of it is inborn (inborn universal grammar)
|
|
|
Definition of personality
|
an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
|
|
|
G factor – general intelligence
|
linked to many clusters that can be analyzed by factor analysis/ a general intelligence that underlies successful performance on a wide variety of tasks
|
|
|
Free association
|
asking patients to say whatever came to their minds (chain of thoughts) in order to tap the unconscious mind
|
|
|
Definition of intelligence
|
(in all cultures) is the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use our knowledge to adapt to new situations
|
|
|
Psychoanalysis
|
theory of personality and a way of treating mental disorders (interaction of unconscious conflicting forces)
|
|
|
Sternberg’s three intelligences
|
1. Analytical intelligence: assessed by intelligence tests. 2. Creative Intelligence
|
|
|
Id
|
unconsciously strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives, operating on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification
|
|
|
Definition of creativity
|
the ability to produce ideas that are both novel and invaluable. It correlates somewhat with intelligence,
|
|
|
Ego
|
function as the “executive” and mediates the demands of the id and the super ego
|
|
|
Five components of creativity
|
expertise, imaginative thinking, a venturesome personality, intrinsic motivation, and a creative environment
|
|
|
Superego
|
provides standards for judgment (the conscious) and for future aspirations
|
|
|
Emotional intelligence
|
is the ability to perceive, understand, and use emotions. The test of this measures overall emotional intelligence and its four components: perceive, understand, manage and use.
|
|
|
Psychosexual stages
|
oral (pleasure centers on mouth), anal (pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination), phallic (zone in genitals), latency (dormant sexual feelings), genital (maturation of sexual interests)
|
|
|
Alfred Binet
|
developed the first IQ test
|
|
|
Defense mechanisms
|
repression, regression, reaction formation, projection, rationalization, and displacement
|
|
|
Computation of intelligence quotient
|
measure of an individual’s probable performance in school and similar settings. Mental age / actual age x 100 = IQ
|
|
|
TAT
|
thematic apperation test, developed by Henry Murray, is a projective test in which people express the inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
|
|
|
Mental age
|
age at which the individual functions
|
|
|
Rorschach ink blots
|
the most widely used projective test uses a set of ten inkblots and was designed by Hermann Rorschach
|
|
|
Achievement tests
|
measure how much students have already learned, measure current knowledge and skills
|
|
|
Self-actualization
|
Maslow suggested that those who fulfill their potential have satisfied this need
|
|
|
Aptitude tests
|
measures a student’s ability to learn, predicts how well a student is likely to do in school
|
|
|
Unconditional positive regard
|
an attitude of acceptance of others despite their failings. Carl Rogers also believed in an individual’s self
|
|
|
Reliability
|
consistency of results, must be repeatable or stable
|
|
|
Traits
|
characteristic patterns of behavior and conscious motives
|
|
|
Validity
|
degree to which a test measures what it’s supposed to measure/ content: extent a test measures a particular behavior/ predictive: function of a test in predicting a particular behavior or trait
|
|
|
Introversion
|
more self conscience and to ones self
|
|
|
Definition of personality
|
an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
|
|
|
Extroversion
|
more sociable and outgoing
|
|
|
Free association
|
asking patients to say whatever came to their minds (chain of thoughts) in order to tap the unconscious mind
|
|
|
MMPI
|
the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory is the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. It was originally developed to identify emotional disorders.
|
|
|
Psychoanalysis
|
theory of personality and a way of treating mental disorders (interaction of unconscious conflicting forces)
|
|
|
The person/situation controversy
|
Walter Mischel points out that traits may be enduring, but the resulting behavior in various situations is different. Therefore, traits are not a good predictor of behaviors.
|
|
|
Id
|
unconsciously strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives, operating on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification
|
|
|
External locus of control
|
refers to the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate
|
|
|
Ego
|
function as the “executive” and mediates the demands of the id and the super ego
|
|
|
Internal locus of control
|
refers to the perception that we can control our own fate
|
|
|
Superego
|
provides standards for judgment (the conscious) and for future aspirations
|
|
|
Def. of social psychology
|
scientifically studies how people think about, influence and relate to one another
|
|
|
Psychosexual stages
|
oral (pleasure centers on mouth), anal (pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination), phallic (zone in genitals), latency (dormant sexual feelings), genital (maturation of sexual interests)
|
|
|
Fundamental attribution error
|
our tendency to underestimate the impact of situational influences, and to overestimate the impact of personal dispositions in explaining the behavior of others
|
|
|
Defense mechanisms
|
repression, regression, reaction formation, projection, rationalization, and displacement
|
|
|
Attribution theory
|
how people explain others’ behavior
|
|
|
TAT
|
thematic apperation test, developed by Henry Murray, is a projective test in which people express the inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
|
|
|
Attitude
|
belief and feeling that predisposes one to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events
|
|
|
Rorschach ink blots
|
the most widely used projective test uses a set of ten inkblots and was designed by Hermann Rorschach
|
|
|
Central route of persuasion
|
involves being persuaded by the arguments or content of the message
|
|
|
Self-actualization
|
Maslow suggested that those who fulfill their potential have satisfied this need
|
|
|
Peripheral route of persuasion
|
involves being persuaded in a manner that is not based on the arguments or the message content
|
|
|
Unconditional positive regard
|
an attitude of acceptance of others despite their failings. Carl Rogers also believed in an individual’s self
|
|
|
Foot in the door phenomenon
|
tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request, to comply later with a large request
|
|
|
Traits
|
characteristic patterns of behavior and conscious motives
|
|
|
Roles
|
|
|
|
Introversion
|
more self conscience and to ones self
|
|
|
Cognitive dissonance theory
|
when our attitudes and actions are opposed, we experience tension
|
|
|
Extroversion
|
more sociable and outgoing
|
|
|
Conformity
|
adjusting one’s behavior or thinking toward a group standard
|
|
|
MMPI
|
the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory is the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. It was originally developed to identify emotional disorders.
|
|
|
Asch’s conformity experiments
|
used suggestibility (adjusting our behavior thinking toward some group standard)
|
|
|
The person/situation controversy
|
Walter Mischel points out that traits may be enduring, but the resulting behavior in various situations is different. Therefore, traits are not a good predictor of behaviors.
|
|
|
Normative social influence
|
influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid rejection
|
|
|
External locus of control
|
refers to the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate
|
|
|
Informational social influence
|
the group may provide valuable information, but stubborn people will never listen to others
|
|
|
Internal locus of control
|
refers to the perception that we can control our own fate
|
|
|
Milgram’s obedience studies
|
investigates the effects of authority on obedience
|
|
|
Def. of social psychology
|
scientifically studies how people think about, influence and relate to one another
|
|
|
Social facilitation
|
refers to improved performance on tasks in the presence of others
|
|
|
Fundamental attribution error
|
our tendency to underestimate the impact of situational influences, and to overestimate the impact of personal dispositions in explaining the behavior of others
|
|
|
Social loafing
|
the tendency of an individual in a group to exert less effort toward attaining a common goal than when tested individually
|
|
|
Attribution theory
|
how people explain others’ behavior
|
|
|
Deindividuation
|
the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situation that foster arousal and anonymity (like mob behavior)
|
|
|
Attitude
|
belief and feeling that predisposes one to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events
|
|
|
Group polarization
|
enhances a group’s prevailing attitudes through a discussion. If a group is likeminded, discussion strengthens its prevailing opinions and attitudes
|
|
|
Central route of persuasion
|
involves being persuaded by the arguments or content of the message
|
|
|
Groupthink
|
a mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision
|
|
|
Peripheral route of persuasion
|
involves being persuaded in a manner that is not based on the arguments or the message content
|
|
|
Prejudice, stereotype, discrimination
|
prejudgment is unjustifiable, usually negative, attitude toward a group and its members and is often directed towards different cultural ethnic, or gender groups, provides an outlet for anger [emotion] by providing someone to blame. There are three components: beliefs (stereotypes), emotions (hostility, envy, fear), predisposition to act (to discriminate)
|
|
|
Foot in the door phenomenon
|
tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request, to comply later with a large request
|
|
|
Ingroup biases
|
people with whom one shares a common identity have the tendency to favor ones’ own group
|
|
|
Roles
|
|
|
|
Outgroup biases
|
those perceived as being different from one’s ingroup
|
|
|
Scapegoat theory
|
prejudice provides an outlet for anger [emotion] by providing someone to blame
|
|
|
Cognitive dissonance theory
|
when our attitudes and actions are opposed, we experience tension
|
|
|
Just-world phenomenon
|
the tendency of people to believe the world is just, and that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get
|
|
|
Conformity
|
adjusting one’s behavior or thinking toward a group standard
|
|
|
Asch’s conformity experiments
|
used suggestibility (adjusting our behavior thinking toward some group standard)
|
|
|
Frustration aggression principle
|
a principle in which frustration (caused by blocking of an attempt to achieve a desired goal) creates anger, which can generate aggression
|
|
|
Normative social influence
|
influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid rejection
|
|
|
Mere exposure effect
|
repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases their attraction
|
|
|
Informational social influence
|
the group may provide valuable information, but stubborn people will never listen to others
|
|
|
Proximity
|
geographic nearness is a powerful predictor of friendship
|
|
|
Milgram’s obedience studies
|
investigates the effects of authority on obedience
|
|
|
Similarity
|
age, religion, smoking habits, balanced relationships
|
|
|
Social facilitation
|
refers to improved performance on tasks in the presence of others
|
|
|
Passionate love
|
an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship
|
|
|
Social loafing
|
the tendency of an individual in a group to exert less effort toward attaining a common goal than when tested individually
|
|
|
Companionate love
|
a deep, affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined
|
|
|
Deindividuation
|
the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situation that foster arousal and anonymity (like mob behavior)
|
|
|
Self
|
disclosure
|
|
|
Group polarization
|
enhances a group’s prevailing attitudes through a discussion. If a group is likeminded, discussion strengthens its prevailing opinions and attitudes
|
|
|
Altruism
|
an unselfish regard for the welfare of others
|
|
|
Groupthink
|
a mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision
|
|
|
Bystander intervention
|
tendency of any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
|
|
|
Prejudice, stereotype, discrimination
|
prejudgment is unjustifiable, usually negative, attitude toward a group and its members and is often directed towards different cultural ethnic, or gender groups, provides an outlet for anger [emotion] by providing someone to blame. There are three components: beliefs (stereotypes), emotions (hostility, envy, fear), predisposition to act (to discriminate)
|
|
|
Syntax
|
words
|
|
|
Ingroup biases
|
people with whom one shares a common identity have the tendency to favor ones’ own group
|
|
|
Semantics
|
meaning of the words
|
|
|
Outgroup biases
|
those perceived as being different from one’s ingroup
|
|
|
Babbling
|
beginning at four months the infant spontaneously utters various sounds, like ah-goo and is not an imitation of adult speech
|
|
|
Scapegoat theory
|
prejudice provides an outlet for anger [emotion] by providing someone to blame
|
|
|
Telegraphic speech
|
two-word stage, before the 2nd year, a child starts to speak in two word sentences, because of this the child speaks like a telegraph
|
|
|
Just-world phenomenon
|
the tendency of people to believe the world is just, and that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get
|
|
|
Language acquisition device – Chomsky
|
Chomsky opposed Skinner’s ideas and suggested that the rate of language acquisition is so fast that it cannot be explained through learning principles and thus most of it is inborn (inborn universal grammar)
|
|
|
Frustration aggression principle
|
a principle in which frustration (caused by blocking of an attempt to achieve a desired goal) creates anger, which can generate aggression
|
|
|
G factor – general intelligence
|
linked to many clusters that can be analyzed by factor analysis/ a general intelligence that underlies successful performance on a wide variety of tasks
|
|
|
Mere exposure effect
|
repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases their attraction
|
|
|
Definition of intelligence
|
(in all cultures) is the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use our knowledge to adapt to new situations
|
|
|
Proximity
|
geographic nearness is a powerful predictor of friendship
|
|
|
Sternberg’s three intelligences
|
1. Analytical intelligence: assessed by intelligence tests. 2. Creative Intelligence
|
|
|
Similarity
|
age, religion, smoking habits, balanced relationships
|
|
|
Definition of creativity
|
the ability to produce ideas that are both novel and invaluable. It correlates somewhat with intelligence,
|
|
|
Passionate love
|
an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship
|
|
|
Five components of creativity
|
expertise, imaginative thinking, a venturesome personality, intrinsic motivation, and a creative environment
|
|
|
Companionate love
|
a deep, affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined
|
|
|
Emotional intelligence
|
is the ability to perceive, understand, and use emotions. The test of this measures overall emotional intelligence and its four components: perceive, understand, manage and use.
|
|
|
Alfred Binet
|
developed the first IQ test
|
|
|
Self
|
disclosure
|
|
|
Altruism
|
an unselfish regard for the welfare of others
|
|
|
Computation of intelligence quotient
|
measure of an individual’s probable performance in school and similar settings. Mental age / actual age x 100 = IQ
|
|
|
Bystander intervention
|
tendency of any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
|
|
|
Mental age
|
age at which the individual functions
|
|
|
Syntax
|
words
|
|
|
Achievement tests
|
measure how much students have already learned, measure current knowledge and skills
|
|
|
Semantics
|
meaning of the words
|
|
|
Aptitude tests
|
measures a student’s ability to learn, predicts how well a student is likely to do in school
|
|
|
Babbling
|
beginning at four months the infant spontaneously utters various sounds, like ah-goo and is not an imitation of adult speech
|
|
|
Reliability
|
consistency of results, must be repeatable or stable
|
|
|
Telegraphic speech
|
two-word stage, before the 2nd year, a child starts to speak in two word sentences, because of this the child speaks like a telegraph
|
|
|
Validity
|
degree to which a test measures what it’s supposed to measure/ content: extent a test measures a particular behavior/ predictive: function of a test in predicting a particular behavior or trait
|
|
|
Language acquisition device – Chomsky
|
Chomsky opposed Skinner’s ideas and suggested that the rate of language acquisition is so fast that it cannot be explained through learning principles and thus most of it is inborn (inborn universal grammar)
|
|
|
Definition of personality
|
an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
|
|
|
G factor – general intelligence
|
linked to many clusters that can be analyzed by factor analysis/ a general intelligence that underlies successful performance on a wide variety of tasks
|
|
|
Free association
|
asking patients to say whatever came to their minds (chain of thoughts) in order to tap the unconscious mind
|
|
|
Definition of intelligence
|
(in all cultures) is the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use our knowledge to adapt to new situations
|
|
|
Psychoanalysis
|
theory of personality and a way of treating mental disorders (interaction of unconscious conflicting forces)
|
|
|
Sternberg’s three intelligences
|
1. Analytical intelligence: assessed by intelligence tests. 2. Creative Intelligence
|
|
|
Id
|
unconsciously strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives, operating on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification
|
|
|
Definition of creativity
|
the ability to produce ideas that are both novel and invaluable. It correlates somewhat with intelligence,
|
|
|
Ego
|
function as the “executive” and mediates the demands of the id and the super ego
|
|
|
Five components of creativity
|
expertise, imaginative thinking, a venturesome personality, intrinsic motivation, and a creative environment
|
|
|
Superego
|
provides standards for judgment (the conscious) and for future aspirations
|
|
|
Emotional intelligence
|
is the ability to perceive, understand, and use emotions. The test of this measures overall emotional intelligence and its four components: perceive, understand, manage and use.
|
|
|
Psychosexual stages
|
oral (pleasure centers on mouth), anal (pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination), phallic (zone in genitals), latency (dormant sexual feelings), genital (maturation of sexual interests)
|
|
|
Alfred Binet
|
developed the first IQ test
|
|
|
Defense mechanisms
|
repression, regression, reaction formation, projection, rationalization, and displacement
|
|
|
Computation of intelligence quotient
|
measure of an individual’s probable performance in school and similar settings. Mental age / actual age x 100 = IQ
|
|
|
TAT
|
thematic apperation test, developed by Henry Murray, is a projective test in which people express the inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
|
|
|
Mental age
|
age at which the individual functions
|
|
|
Rorschach ink blots
|
the most widely used projective test uses a set of ten inkblots and was designed by Hermann Rorschach
|
|
|
Achievement tests
|
measure how much students have already learned, measure current knowledge and skills
|
|
|
Self-actualization
|
Maslow suggested that those who fulfill their potential have satisfied this need
|
|
|
Aptitude tests
|
measures a student’s ability to learn, predicts how well a student is likely to do in school
|
|
|
Unconditional positive regard
|
an attitude of acceptance of others despite their failings. Carl Rogers also believed in an individual’s self
|
|
|
Reliability
|
consistency of results, must be repeatable or stable
|
|
|
Traits
|
characteristic patterns of behavior and conscious motives
|
|
|
Validity
|
degree to which a test measures what it’s supposed to measure/ content: extent a test measures a particular behavior/ predictive: function of a test in predicting a particular behavior or trait
|
|
|
Introversion
|
more self conscience and to ones self
|
|
|
Definition of personality
|
an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
|
|
|
Extroversion
|
more sociable and outgoing
|
|
|
Free association
|
asking patients to say whatever came to their minds (chain of thoughts) in order to tap the unconscious mind
|
|
|
MMPI
|
the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory is the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. It was originally developed to identify emotional disorders.
|
|
|
Psychoanalysis
|
theory of personality and a way of treating mental disorders (interaction of unconscious conflicting forces)
|
|
|
The person/situation controversy
|
Walter Mischel points out that traits may be enduring, but the resulting behavior in various situations is different. Therefore, traits are not a good predictor of behaviors.
|
|
|
Id
|
unconsciously strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives, operating on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification
|
|
|
External locus of control
|
refers to the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate
|
|
|
Ego
|
function as the “executive” and mediates the demands of the id and the super ego
|
|
|
Internal locus of control
|
refers to the perception that we can control our own fate
|
|
|
Superego
|
provides standards for judgment (the conscious) and for future aspirations
|
|
|
Def. of social psychology
|
scientifically studies how people think about, influence and relate to one another
|
|
|
Psychosexual stages
|
oral (pleasure centers on mouth), anal (pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination), phallic (zone in genitals), latency (dormant sexual feelings), genital (maturation of sexual interests)
|
|
|
Fundamental attribution error
|
our tendency to underestimate the impact of situational influences, and to overestimate the impact of personal dispositions in explaining the behavior of others
|
|
|
Defense mechanisms
|
repression, regression, reaction formation, projection, rationalization, and displacement
|
|
|
Attribution theory
|
how people explain others’ behavior
|
|
|
TAT
|
thematic apperation test, developed by Henry Murray, is a projective test in which people express the inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
|
|
|
Attitude
|
belief and feeling that predisposes one to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events
|
|
|
Rorschach ink blots
|
the most widely used projective test uses a set of ten inkblots and was designed by Hermann Rorschach
|
|
|
Central route of persuasion
|
involves being persuaded by the arguments or content of the message
|
|
|
Self-actualization
|
Maslow suggested that those who fulfill their potential have satisfied this need
|
|
|
Peripheral route of persuasion
|
involves being persuaded in a manner that is not based on the arguments or the message content
|
|
|
Unconditional positive regard
|
an attitude of acceptance of others despite their failings. Carl Rogers also believed in an individual’s self
|
|
|
Foot in the door phenomenon
|
tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request, to comply later with a large request
|
|
|
Traits
|
characteristic patterns of behavior and conscious motives
|
|
|
Roles
|
|
|
|
Introversion
|
more self conscience and to ones self
|
|
|
Cognitive dissonance theory
|
when our attitudes and actions are opposed, we experience tension
|
|
|
Extroversion
|
more sociable and outgoing
|
|
|
Conformity
|
adjusting one’s behavior or thinking toward a group standard
|
|
|
MMPI
|
the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory is the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. It was originally developed to identify emotional disorders.
|
|
|
Asch’s conformity experiments
|
used suggestibility (adjusting our behavior thinking toward some group standard)
|
|
|
The person/situation controversy
|
Walter Mischel points out that traits may be enduring, but the resulting behavior in various situations is different. Therefore, traits are not a good predictor of behaviors.
|
|
|
Normative social influence
|
influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid rejection
|
|
|
External locus of control
|
refers to the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate
|
|
|
Informational social influence
|
the group may provide valuable information, but stubborn people will never listen to others
|
|
|
Internal locus of control
|
refers to the perception that we can control our own fate
|
|
|
Milgram’s obedience studies
|
investigates the effects of authority on obedience
|
|
|
Def. of social psychology
|
scientifically studies how people think about, influence and relate to one another
|
|
|
Social facilitation
|
refers to improved performance on tasks in the presence of others
|
|
|
Fundamental attribution error
|
our tendency to underestimate the impact of situational influences, and to overestimate the impact of personal dispositions in explaining the behavior of others
|
|
|
Social loafing
|
the tendency of an individual in a group to exert less effort toward attaining a common goal than when tested individually
|
|
|
Attribution theory
|
how people explain others’ behavior
|
|
|
Deindividuation
|
the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situation that foster arousal and anonymity (like mob behavior)
|
|
|
Attitude
|
belief and feeling that predisposes one to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events
|
|
|
Group polarization
|
enhances a group’s prevailing attitudes through a discussion. If a group is likeminded, discussion strengthens its prevailing opinions and attitudes
|
|
|
Central route of persuasion
|
involves being persuaded by the arguments or content of the message
|
|
|
Groupthink
|
a mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision
|
|
|
Peripheral route of persuasion
|
involves being persuaded in a manner that is not based on the arguments or the message content
|
|
|
Prejudice, stereotype, discrimination
|
prejudgment is unjustifiable, usually negative, attitude toward a group and its members and is often directed towards different cultural ethnic, or gender groups, provides an outlet for anger [emotion] by providing someone to blame. There are three components: beliefs (stereotypes), emotions (hostility, envy, fear), predisposition to act (to discriminate)
|
|
|
Foot in the door phenomenon
|
tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request, to comply later with a large request
|
|
|
Ingroup biases
|
people with whom one shares a common identity have the tendency to favor ones’ own group
|
|
|
Roles
|
|
|
|
Outgroup biases
|
those perceived as being different from one’s ingroup
|
|
|
Cognitive dissonance theory
|
when our attitudes and actions are opposed, we experience tension
|
|
|
Scapegoat theory
|
prejudice provides an outlet for anger [emotion] by providing someone to blame
|
|
|
Conformity
|
adjusting one’s behavior or thinking toward a group standard
|
|
|
Just-world phenomenon
|
the tendency of people to believe the world is just, and that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get
|
|
|
Asch’s conformity experiments
|
used suggestibility (adjusting our behavior thinking toward some group standard)
|
|
|
Frustration aggression principle
|
a principle in which frustration (caused by blocking of an attempt to achieve a desired goal) creates anger, which can generate aggression
|
|
|
Normative social influence
|
influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid rejection
|
|
|
Mere exposure effect
|
repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases their attraction
|
|
|
Informational social influence
|
the group may provide valuable information, but stubborn people will never listen to others
|
|
|
Proximity
|
geographic nearness is a powerful predictor of friendship
|
|
|
Milgram’s obedience studies
|
investigates the effects of authority on obedience
|
|
|
Similarity
|
age, religion, smoking habits, balanced relationships
|
|
|
Social facilitation
|
refers to improved performance on tasks in the presence of others
|
|
|
Passionate love
|
an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship
|
|
|
Social loafing
|
the tendency of an individual in a group to exert less effort toward attaining a common goal than when tested individually
|
|
|
Companionate love
|
a deep, affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined
|
|
|
Deindividuation
|
the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situation that foster arousal and anonymity (like mob behavior)
|
|
|
Self
|
disclosure
|
|
|
Group polarization
|
enhances a group’s prevailing attitudes through a discussion. If a group is likeminded, discussion strengthens its prevailing opinions and attitudes
|
|
|
Altruism
|
an unselfish regard for the welfare of others
|
|
|
Groupthink
|
a mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision
|
|
|
Bystander intervention
|
tendency of any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
|
|
|
Prejudice, stereotype, discrimination
|
prejudgment is unjustifiable, usually negative, attitude toward a group and its members and is often directed towards different cultural ethnic, or gender groups, provides an outlet for anger [emotion] by providing someone to blame. There are three components: beliefs (stereotypes), emotions (hostility, envy, fear), predisposition to act (to discriminate)
|
|
|
Syntax
|
words
|
|
|
Ingroup biases
|
people with whom one shares a common identity have the tendency to favor ones’ own group
|
|
|
Semantics
|
meaning of the words
|
|
|
Outgroup biases
|
those perceived as being different from one’s ingroup
|
|
|
Babbling
|
beginning at four months the infant spontaneously utters various sounds, like ah-goo and is not an imitation of adult speech
|
|
|
Scapegoat theory
|
prejudice provides an outlet for anger [emotion] by providing someone to blame
|
|
|
Telegraphic speech
|
two-word stage, before the 2nd year, a child starts to speak in two word sentences, because of this the child speaks like a telegraph
|
|
|
Just-world phenomenon
|
the tendency of people to believe the world is just, and that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get
|
|
|
Language acquisition device – Chomsky
|
Chomsky opposed Skinner’s ideas and suggested that the rate of language acquisition is so fast that it cannot be explained through learning principles and thus most of it is inborn (inborn universal grammar)
|
|
|
Frustration aggression principle
|
a principle in which frustration (caused by blocking of an attempt to achieve a desired goal) creates anger, which can generate aggression
|
|
|
G factor – general intelligence
|
linked to many clusters that can be analyzed by factor analysis/ a general intelligence that underlies successful performance on a wide variety of tasks
|
|
|
Mere exposure effect
|
repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases their attraction
|
|
|
Definition of intelligence
|
(in all cultures) is the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use our knowledge to adapt to new situations
|
|
|
Proximity
|
geographic nearness is a powerful predictor of friendship
|
|
|
Sternberg’s three intelligences
|
1. Analytical intelligence: assessed by intelligence tests. 2. Creative Intelligence
|
|
|
Similarity
|
age, religion, smoking habits, balanced relationships
|
|
|
Definition of creativity
|
the ability to produce ideas that are both novel and invaluable. It correlates somewhat with intelligence,
|
|
|
Passionate love
|
an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship
|
|
|
Five components of creativity
|
expertise, imaginative thinking, a venturesome personality, intrinsic motivation, and a creative environment
|
|
|
Companionate love
|
a deep, affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined
|
|
|
Emotional intelligence
|
is the ability to perceive, understand, and use emotions. The test of this measures overall emotional intelligence and its four components: perceive, understand, manage and use.
|
|
|
Self
|
disclosure
|
|
|
Alfred Binet
|
developed the first IQ test
|
|
|
Altruism
|
an unselfish regard for the welfare of others
|
|
|
Computation of intelligence quotient
|
measure of an individual’s probable performance in school and similar settings. Mental age / actual age x 100 = IQ
|
|
|
Bystander intervention
|
tendency of any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
|
|
|
Mental age
|
age at which the individual functions
|
|
|
Syntax
|
words
|
|
|
Achievement tests
|
measure how much students have already learned, measure current knowledge and skills
|
|
|
Semantics
|
meaning of the words
|
|
|
Aptitude tests
|
measures a student’s ability to learn, predicts how well a student is likely to do in school
|
|
|
Babbling
|
beginning at four months the infant spontaneously utters various sounds, like ah-goo and is not an imitation of adult speech
|
|
|
Reliability
|
consistency of results, must be repeatable or stable
|
|
|
Telegraphic speech
|
two-word stage, before the 2nd year, a child starts to speak in two word sentences, because of this the child speaks like a telegraph
|
|
|
Validity
|
degree to which a test measures what it’s supposed to measure/ content: extent a test measures a particular behavior/ predictive: function of a test in predicting a particular behavior or trait
|
|
|
Language acquisition device – Chomsky
|
Chomsky opposed Skinner’s ideas and suggested that the rate of language acquisition is so fast that it cannot be explained through learning principles and thus most of it is inborn (inborn universal grammar)
|
|
|
Definition of personality
|
an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
|
|
|
G factor – general intelligence
|
linked to many clusters that can be analyzed by factor analysis/ a general intelligence that underlies successful performance on a wide variety of tasks
|
|
|
Free association
|
asking patients to say whatever came to their minds (chain of thoughts) in order to tap the unconscious mind
|
|
|
Definition of intelligence
|
(in all cultures) is the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use our knowledge to adapt to new situations
|
|
|
Psychoanalysis
|
theory of personality and a way of treating mental disorders (interaction of unconscious conflicting forces)
|
|
|
Sternberg’s three intelligences
|
1. Analytical intelligence: assessed by intelligence tests. 2. Creative Intelligence
|
|
|
Id
|
unconsciously strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives, operating on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification
|
|
|
Definition of creativity
|
the ability to produce ideas that are both novel and invaluable. It correlates somewhat with intelligence,
|
|
|
Ego
|
function as the “executive” and mediates the demands of the id and the super ego
|
|
|
Five components of creativity
|
expertise, imaginative thinking, a venturesome personality, intrinsic motivation, and a creative environment
|
|
|
Superego
|
provides standards for judgment (the conscious) and for future aspirations
|
|
|
Emotional intelligence
|
is the ability to perceive, understand, and use emotions. The test of this measures overall emotional intelligence and its four components: perceive, understand, manage and use.
|
|
|
Psychosexual stages
|
oral (pleasure centers on mouth), anal (pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination), phallic (zone in genitals), latency (dormant sexual feelings), genital (maturation of sexual interests)
|
|
|
Alfred Binet
|
developed the first IQ test
|
|
|
Defense mechanisms
|
repression, regression, reaction formation, projection, rationalization, and displacement
|
|
|
Computation of intelligence quotient
|
measure of an individual’s probable performance in school and similar settings. Mental age / actual age x 100 = IQ
|
|
|
TAT
|
thematic apperation test, developed by Henry Murray, is a projective test in which people express the inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
|
|
|
Mental age
|
age at which the individual functions
|
|
|
Rorschach ink blots
|
the most widely used projective test uses a set of ten inkblots and was designed by Hermann Rorschach
|
|
|
Achievement tests
|
measure how much students have already learned, measure current knowledge and skills
|
|
|
Self-actualization
|
Maslow suggested that those who fulfill their potential have satisfied this need
|
|
|
Aptitude tests
|
measures a student’s ability to learn, predicts how well a student is likely to do in school
|
|
|
Unconditional positive regard
|
an attitude of acceptance of others despite their failings. Carl Rogers also believed in an individual’s self
|
|
|
Reliability
|
consistency of results, must be repeatable or stable
|
|
|
Traits
|
characteristic patterns of behavior and conscious motives
|
|
|
Validity
|
degree to which a test measures what it’s supposed to measure/ content: extent a test measures a particular behavior/ predictive: function of a test in predicting a particular behavior or trait
|
|
|
Introversion
|
more self conscience and to ones self
|
|
|
Definition of personality
|
an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
|
|
|
Free association
|
asking patients to say whatever came to their minds (chain of thoughts) in order to tap the unconscious mind
|
|
|
Extroversion
|
more sociable and outgoing
|
|
|
Psychoanalysis
|
theory of personality and a way of treating mental disorders (interaction of unconscious conflicting forces)
|
|
|
MMPI
|
the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory is the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. It was originally developed to identify emotional disorders.
|
|
|
Id
|
unconsciously strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives, operating on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification
|
|
|
The person/situation controversy
|
Walter Mischel points out that traits may be enduring, but the resulting behavior in various situations is different. Therefore, traits are not a good predictor of behaviors.
|
|
|
Ego
|
function as the “executive” and mediates the demands of the id and the super ego
|
|
|
External locus of control
|
refers to the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate
|
|
|
Superego
|
provides standards for judgment (the conscious) and for future aspirations
|
|
|
Internal locus of control
|
refers to the perception that we can control our own fate
|
|
|
Psychosexual stages
|
oral (pleasure centers on mouth), anal (pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination), phallic (zone in genitals), latency (dormant sexual feelings), genital (maturation of sexual interests)
|
|
|
Def. of social psychology
|
scientifically studies how people think about, influence and relate to one another
|
|
|
Defense mechanisms
|
repression, regression, reaction formation, projection, rationalization, and displacement
|
|
|
Fundamental attribution error
|
our tendency to underestimate the impact of situational influences, and to overestimate the impact of personal dispositions in explaining the behavior of others
|
|
|
TAT
|
thematic apperation test, developed by Henry Murray, is a projective test in which people express the inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
|
|
|
Attribution theory
|
how people explain others’ behavior
|
|
|
Rorschach ink blots
|
the most widely used projective test uses a set of ten inkblots and was designed by Hermann Rorschach
|
|
|
Attitude
|
belief and feeling that predisposes one to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events
|
|
|
Self-actualization
|
Maslow suggested that those who fulfill their potential have satisfied this need
|
|
|
Central route of persuasion
|
involves being persuaded by the arguments or content of the message
|
|
|
Unconditional positive regard
|
an attitude of acceptance of others despite their failings. Carl Rogers also believed in an individual’s self
|
|
|
Peripheral route of persuasion
|
involves being persuaded in a manner that is not based on the arguments or the message content
|
|
|
Traits
|
characteristic patterns of behavior and conscious motives
|
|
|
Foot in the door phenomenon
|
tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request, to comply later with a large request
|
|
|
Introversion
|
more self conscience and to ones self
|
|
|
Roles
|
|
|
|
Extroversion
|
more sociable and outgoing
|
|
|
Cognitive dissonance theory
|
when our attitudes and actions are opposed, we experience tension
|
|
|
MMPI
|
the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory is the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. It was originally developed to identify emotional disorders.
|
|
|
Conformity
|
adjusting one’s behavior or thinking toward a group standard
|
|
|
The person/situation controversy
|
Walter Mischel points out that traits may be enduring, but the resulting behavior in various situations is different. Therefore, traits are not a good predictor of behaviors.
|
|
|
Asch’s conformity experiments
|
used suggestibility (adjusting our behavior thinking toward some group standard)
|
|
|
External locus of control
|
refers to the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate
|
|
|
Normative social influence
|
influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid rejection
|
|
|
Internal locus of control
|
refers to the perception that we can control our own fate
|
|
|
Informational social influence
|
the group may provide valuable information, but stubborn people will never listen to others
|
|
|
Def. of social psychology
|
scientifically studies how people think about, influence and relate to one another
|
|
|
Milgram’s obedience studies
|
investigates the effects of authority on obedience
|
|
|
Fundamental attribution error
|
our tendency to underestimate the impact of situational influences, and to overestimate the impact of personal dispositions in explaining the behavior of others
|
|
|
Social facilitation
|
refers to improved performance on tasks in the presence of others
|
|
|
Attribution theory
|
how people explain others’ behavior
|
|
|
Social loafing
|
the tendency of an individual in a group to exert less effort toward attaining a common goal than when tested individually
|
|
|
Attitude
|
belief and feeling that predisposes one to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events
|
|
|
Deindividuation
|
the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situation that foster arousal and anonymity (like mob behavior)
|
|
|
Central route of persuasion
|
involves being persuaded by the arguments or content of the message
|
|
|
Group polarization
|
enhances a group’s prevailing attitudes through a discussion. If a group is likeminded, discussion strengthens its prevailing opinions and attitudes
|
|
|
Peripheral route of persuasion
|
involves being persuaded in a manner that is not based on the arguments or the message content
|
|
|
Groupthink
|
a mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision
|
|
|
Foot in the door phenomenon
|
tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request, to comply later with a large request
|
|
|
Prejudice, stereotype, discrimination
|
prejudgment is unjustifiable, usually negative, attitude toward a group and its members and is often directed towards different cultural ethnic, or gender groups, provides an outlet for anger [emotion] by providing someone to blame. There are three components: beliefs (stereotypes), emotions (hostility, envy, fear), predisposition to act (to discriminate)
|
|
|
Roles
|
|
|
|
Ingroup biases
|
people with whom one shares a common identity have the tendency to favor ones’ own group
|
|
|
Cognitive dissonance theory
|
when our attitudes and actions are opposed, we experience tension
|
|
|
Outgroup biases
|
those perceived as being different from one’s ingroup
|
|
|
Conformity
|
adjusting one’s behavior or thinking toward a group standard
|
|
|
Scapegoat theory
|
prejudice provides an outlet for anger [emotion] by providing someone to blame
|
|
|
Just-world phenomenon
|
the tendency of people to believe the world is just, and that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get
|
|
|
Asch’s conformity experiments
|
used suggestibility (adjusting our behavior thinking toward some group standard)
|
|
|
Frustration aggression principle
|
a principle in which frustration (caused by blocking of an attempt to achieve a desired goal) creates anger, which can generate aggression
|
|
|
Normative social influence
|
influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid rejection
|
|
|
Mere exposure effect
|
repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases their attraction
|
|
|
Informational social influence
|
the group may provide valuable information, but stubborn people will never listen to others
|
|
|
Proximity
|
geographic nearness is a powerful predictor of friendship
|
|
|
Milgram’s obedience studies
|
investigates the effects of authority on obedience
|
|
|
Similarity
|
age, religion, smoking habits, balanced relationships
|
|
|
Social facilitation
|
refers to improved performance on tasks in the presence of others
|
|
|
Passionate love
|
an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship
|
|
|
Social loafing
|
the tendency of an individual in a group to exert less effort toward attaining a common goal than when tested individually
|
|
|
Companionate love
|
a deep, affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined
|
|
|
Deindividuation
|
the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situation that foster arousal and anonymity (like mob behavior)
|
|
|
Self
|
disclosure
|
|
|
Group polarization
|
enhances a group’s prevailing attitudes through a discussion. If a group is likeminded, discussion strengthens its prevailing opinions and attitudes
|
|
|
Groupthink
|
a mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision
|
|
|
Altruism
|
an unselfish regard for the welfare of others
|
|
|
Bystander intervention
|
tendency of any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
|
|
|
Prejudice, stereotype, discrimination
|
prejudgment is unjustifiable, usually negative, attitude toward a group and its members and is often directed towards different cultural ethnic, or gender groups, provides an outlet for anger [emotion] by providing someone to blame. There are three components: beliefs (stereotypes), emotions (hostility, envy, fear), predisposition to act (to discriminate)
|
|
|
Syntax
|
words
|
|
|
Ingroup biases
|
people with whom one shares a common identity have the tendency to favor ones’ own group
|
|
|
Semantics
|
meaning of the words
|
|
|
Outgroup biases
|
those perceived as being different from one’s ingroup
|
|
|
Babbling
|
beginning at four months the infant spontaneously utters various sounds, like ah-goo and is not an imitation of adult speech
|
|
|
Scapegoat theory
|
prejudice provides an outlet for anger [emotion] by providing someone to blame
|
|
|
Telegraphic speech
|
two-word stage, before the 2nd year, a child starts to speak in two word sentences, because of this the child speaks like a telegraph
|
|
|
Just-world phenomenon
|
the tendency of people to believe the world is just, and that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get
|
|
|
Language acquisition device – Chomsky
|
Chomsky opposed Skinner’s ideas and suggested that the rate of language acquisition is so fast that it cannot be explained through learning principles and thus most of it is inborn (inborn universal grammar)
|
|
|
Frustration aggression principle
|
a principle in which frustration (caused by blocking of an attempt to achieve a desired goal) creates anger, which can generate aggression
|
|
|
G factor – general intelligence
|
linked to many clusters that can be analyzed by factor analysis/ a general intelligence that underlies successful performance on a wide variety of tasks
|
|
|
Mere exposure effect
|
repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases their attraction
|
|
|
Definition of intelligence
|
(in all cultures) is the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use our knowledge to adapt to new situations
|
|
|
Proximity
|
geographic nearness is a powerful predictor of friendship
|
|
|
Sternberg’s three intelligences
|
1. Analytical intelligence: assessed by intelligence tests. 2. Creative Intelligence
|
|
|
Similarity
|
age, religion, smoking habits, balanced relationships
|
|
|
Definition of creativity
|
the ability to produce ideas that are both novel and invaluable. It correlates somewhat with intelligence,
|
|
|
Passionate love
|
an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship
|
|
|
Five components of creativity
|
expertise, imaginative thinking, a venturesome personality, intrinsic motivation, and a creative environment
|
|
|
Companionate love
|
a deep, affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined
|
|
|
Emotional intelligence
|
is the ability to perceive, understand, and use emotions. The test of this measures overall emotional intelligence and its four components: perceive, understand, manage and use.
|
|
|
Self
|
disclosure
|
|
|
Alfred Binet
|
developed the first IQ test
|
|
|
Altruism
|
an unselfish regard for the welfare of others
|
|
|
Computation of intelligence quotient
|
measure of an individual’s probable performance in school and similar settings. Mental age / actual age x 100 = IQ
|
|
|
Bystander intervention
|
tendency of any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
|
|
|
Mental age
|
age at which the individual functions
|
|
|
Syntax
|
words
|
|
|
Achievement tests
|
measure how much students have already learned, measure current knowledge and skills
|
|
|
Semantics
|
meaning of the words
|
|
|
Aptitude tests
|
measures a student’s ability to learn, predicts how well a student is likely to do in school
|
|
|
Babbling
|
beginning at four months the infant spontaneously utters various sounds, like ah-goo and is not an imitation of adult speech
|
|
|
Reliability
|
consistency of results, must be repeatable or stable
|
|
|
Telegraphic speech
|
two-word stage, before the 2nd year, a child starts to speak in two word sentences, because of this the child speaks like a telegraph
|
|
|
Validity
|
degree to which a test measures what it’s supposed to measure/ content: extent a test measures a particular behavior/ predictive: function of a test in predicting a particular behavior or trait
|
|
|
Language acquisition device – Chomsky
|
Chomsky opposed Skinner’s ideas and suggested that the rate of language acquisition is so fast that it cannot be explained through learning principles and thus most of it is inborn (inborn universal grammar)
|
|
|
Definition of personality
|
an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
|
|
|
G factor – general intelligence
|
linked to many clusters that can be analyzed by factor analysis/ a general intelligence that underlies successful performance on a wide variety of tasks
|
|
|
Free association
|
asking patients to say whatever came to their minds (chain of thoughts) in order to tap the unconscious mind
|
|
|
Definition of intelligence
|
(in all cultures) is the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use our knowledge to adapt to new situations
|
|
|
Psychoanalysis
|
theory of personality and a way of treating mental disorders (interaction of unconscious conflicting forces)
|
|
|
Sternberg’s three intelligences
|
1. Analytical intelligence: assessed by intelligence tests. 2. Creative Intelligence
|
|
|
Id
|
unconsciously strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives, operating on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification
|
|
|
Definition of creativity
|
the ability to produce ideas that are both novel and invaluable. It correlates somewhat with intelligence,
|
|
|
Ego
|
function as the “executive” and mediates the demands of the id and the super ego
|
|
|
Five components of creativity
|
expertise, imaginative thinking, a venturesome personality, intrinsic motivation, and a creative environment
|
|
|
Superego
|
provides standards for judgment (the conscious) and for future aspirations
|
|
|
Emotional intelligence
|
is the ability to perceive, understand, and use emotions. The test of this measures overall emotional intelligence and its four components: perceive, understand, manage and use.
|
|
|
Psychosexual stages
|
oral (pleasure centers on mouth), anal (pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination), phallic (zone in genitals), latency (dormant sexual feelings), genital (maturation of sexual interests)
|
|
|
Alfred Binet
|
developed the first IQ test
|
|
|
Defense mechanisms
|
repression, regression, reaction formation, projection, rationalization, and displacement
|
|
|
Computation of intelligence quotient
|
measure of an individual’s probable performance in school and similar settings. Mental age / actual age x 100 = IQ
|
|
|
TAT
|
thematic apperation test, developed by Henry Murray, is a projective test in which people express the inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
|
|
|
Mental age
|
age at which the individual functions
|
|
|
Rorschach ink blots
|
the most widely used projective test uses a set of ten inkblots and was designed by Hermann Rorschach
|
|
|
Achievement tests
|
measure how much students have already learned, measure current knowledge and skills
|
|
|
Self-actualization
|
Maslow suggested that those who fulfill their potential have satisfied this need
|
|
|
Aptitude tests
|
measures a student’s ability to learn, predicts how well a student is likely to do in school
|
|
|
Unconditional positive regard
|
an attitude of acceptance of others despite their failings. Carl Rogers also believed in an individual’s self
|
|
|
Reliability
|
consistency of results, must be repeatable or stable
|
|
|
Traits
|
characteristic patterns of behavior and conscious motives
|
|
|
Validity
|
degree to which a test measures what it’s supposed to measure/ content: extent a test measures a particular behavior/ predictive: function of a test in predicting a particular behavior or trait
|
|
|
Introversion
|
more self conscience and to ones self
|
|
|
Definition of personality
|
an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
|
|
|
Extroversion
|
more sociable and outgoing
|
|
|
Free association
|
asking patients to say whatever came to their minds (chain of thoughts) in order to tap the unconscious mind
|
|
|
MMPI
|
the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory is the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. It was originally developed to identify emotional disorders.
|
|
|
Psychoanalysis
|
theory of personality and a way of treating mental disorders (interaction of unconscious conflicting forces)
|
|
|
The person/situation controversy
|
Walter Mischel points out that traits may be enduring, but the resulting behavior in various situations is different. Therefore, traits are not a good predictor of behaviors.
|
|
|
Id
|
unconsciously strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives, operating on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification
|
|
|
External locus of control
|
refers to the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate
|
|
|
Ego
|
function as the “executive” and mediates the demands of the id and the super ego
|
|
|
Internal locus of control
|
refers to the perception that we can control our own fate
|
|
|
Superego
|
provides standards for judgment (the conscious) and for future aspirations
|
|
|
Def. of social psychology
|
scientifically studies how people think about, influence and relate to one another
|
|
|
Psychosexual stages
|
oral (pleasure centers on mouth), anal (pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination), phallic (zone in genitals), latency (dormant sexual feelings), genital (maturation of sexual interests)
|
|
|
Fundamental attribution error
|
our tendency to underestimate the impact of situational influences, and to overestimate the impact of personal dispositions in explaining the behavior of others
|
|
|
Defense mechanisms
|
repression, regression, reaction formation, projection, rationalization, and displacement
|
|
|
Attribution theory
|
how people explain others’ behavior
|
|
|
TAT
|
thematic apperation test, developed by Henry Murray, is a projective test in which people express the inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
|
|
|
Attitude
|
belief and feeling that predisposes one to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events
|
|
|
Rorschach ink blots
|
the most widely used projective test uses a set of ten inkblots and was designed by Hermann Rorschach
|
|
|
Central route of persuasion
|
involves being persuaded by the arguments or content of the message
|
|
|
Self-actualization
|
Maslow suggested that those who fulfill their potential have satisfied this need
|
|
|
Peripheral route of persuasion
|
involves being persuaded in a manner that is not based on the arguments or the message content
|
|
|
Unconditional positive regard
|
an attitude of acceptance of others despite their failings. Carl Rogers also believed in an individual’s self
|
|
|
Foot in the door phenomenon
|
tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request, to comply later with a large request
|
|
|
Traits
|
characteristic patterns of behavior and conscious motives
|
|
|
Roles
|
|
|
|
Introversion
|
more self conscience and to ones self
|
|
|
Cognitive dissonance theory
|
when our attitudes and actions are opposed, we experience tension
|
|
|
Extroversion
|
more sociable and outgoing
|
|
|
Conformity
|
adjusting one’s behavior or thinking toward a group standard
|
|
|
MMPI
|
the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory is the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. It was originally developed to identify emotional disorders.
|
|
|
Asch’s conformity experiments
|
used suggestibility (adjusting our behavior thinking toward some group standard)
|
|
|
The person/situation controversy
|
Walter Mischel points out that traits may be enduring, but the resulting behavior in various situations is different. Therefore, traits are not a good predictor of behaviors.
|
|
|
Normative social influence
|
influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid rejection
|
|
|
External locus of control
|
refers to the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate
|
|
|
Informational social influence
|
the group may provide valuable information, but stubborn people will never listen to others
|
|
|
Internal locus of control
|
refers to the perception that we can control our own fate
|
|
|
Milgram’s obedience studies
|
investigates the effects of authority on obedience
|
|
|
Def. of social psychology
|
scientifically studies how people think about, influence and relate to one another
|
|
|
Social facilitation
|
refers to improved performance on tasks in the presence of others
|
|
|
Fundamental attribution error
|
our tendency to underestimate the impact of situational influences, and to overestimate the impact of personal dispositions in explaining the behavior of others
|
|
|
Social loafing
|
the tendency of an individual in a group to exert less effort toward attaining a common goal than when tested individually
|
|
|
Attribution theory
|
how people explain others’ behavior
|
|
|
Deindividuation
|
the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situation that foster arousal and anonymity (like mob behavior)
|
|
|
Attitude
|
belief and feeling that predisposes one to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events
|
|
|
Group polarization
|
enhances a group’s prevailing attitudes through a discussion. If a group is likeminded, discussion strengthens its prevailing opinions and attitudes
|
|
|
Central route of persuasion
|
involves being persuaded by the arguments or content of the message
|
|
|
Groupthink
|
a mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision
|
|
|
Peripheral route of persuasion
|
involves being persuaded in a manner that is not based on the arguments or the message content
|
|
|
Prejudice, stereotype, discrimination
|
prejudgment is unjustifiable, usually negative, attitude toward a group and its members and is often directed towards different cultural ethnic, or gender groups, provides an outlet for anger [emotion] by providing someone to blame. There are three components: beliefs (stereotypes), emotions (hostility, envy, fear), predisposition to act (to discriminate)
|
|
|
Foot in the door phenomenon
|
tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request, to comply later with a large request
|
|
|
Ingroup biases
|
people with whom one shares a common identity have the tendency to favor ones’ own group
|
|
|
Roles
|
|
|
|
Outgroup biases
|
those perceived as being different from one’s ingroup
|
|
|
Cognitive dissonance theory
|
when our attitudes and actions are opposed, we experience tension
|
|
|
Scapegoat theory
|
prejudice provides an outlet for anger [emotion] by providing someone to blame
|
|
|
Conformity
|
adjusting one’s behavior or thinking toward a group standard
|
|
|
Just-world phenomenon
|
the tendency of people to believe the world is just, and that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get
|
|
|
Asch’s conformity experiments
|
used suggestibility (adjusting our behavior thinking toward some group standard)
|
|
|
Frustration aggression principle
|
a principle in which frustration (caused by blocking of an attempt to achieve a desired goal) creates anger, which can generate aggression
|
|
|
Normative social influence
|
influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid rejection
|
|
|
Mere exposure effect
|
repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases their attraction
|
|
|
Informational social influence
|
the group may provide valuable information, but stubborn people will never listen to others
|
|
|
Proximity
|
geographic nearness is a powerful predictor of friendship
|
|
|
Milgram’s obedience studies
|
investigates the effects of authority on obedience
|
|
|
Similarity
|
age, religion, smoking habits, balanced relationships
|
|
|
Social facilitation
|
refers to improved performance on tasks in the presence of others
|
|
|
Passionate love
|
an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship
|
|
|
Social loafing
|
the tendency of an individual in a group to exert less effort toward attaining a common goal than when tested individually
|
|
|
Companionate love
|
a deep, affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined
|
|
|
Deindividuation
|
the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situation that foster arousal and anonymity (like mob behavior)
|
|
|
Self
|
disclosure
|
|
|
Group polarization
|
enhances a group’s prevailing attitudes through a discussion. If a group is likeminded, discussion strengthens its prevailing opinions and attitudes
|
|
|
Altruism
|
an unselfish regard for the welfare of others
|
|
|
Groupthink
|
a mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision
|
|
|
Bystander intervention
|
tendency of any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
|
|
|
Prejudice, stereotype, discrimination
|
prejudgment is unjustifiable, usually negative, attitude toward a group and its members and is often directed towards different cultural ethnic, or gender groups, provides an outlet for anger [emotion] by providing someone to blame. There are three components: beliefs (stereotypes), emotions (hostility, envy, fear), predisposition to act (to discriminate)
|
|
|
Syntax
|
words
|
|
|
Ingroup biases
|
people with whom one shares a common identity have the tendency to favor ones’ own group
|
|
|
Semantics
|
meaning of the words
|
|
|
Outgroup biases
|
those perceived as being different from one’s ingroup
|
|
|
Babbling
|
beginning at four months the infant spontaneously utters various sounds, like ah-goo and is not an imitation of adult speech
|
|
|
Scapegoat theory
|
prejudice provides an outlet for anger [emotion] by providing someone to blame
|
|
|
Telegraphic speech
|
two-word stage, before the 2nd year, a child starts to speak in two word sentences, because of this the child speaks like a telegraph
|
|
|
Just-world phenomenon
|
the tendency of people to believe the world is just, and that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get
|
|
|
Language acquisition device – Chomsky
|
Chomsky opposed Skinner’s ideas and suggested that the rate of language acquisition is so fast that it cannot be explained through learning principles and thus most of it is inborn (inborn universal grammar)
|
|
|
Frustration aggression principle
|
a principle in which frustration (caused by blocking of an attempt to achieve a desired goal) creates anger, which can generate aggression
|
|
|
G factor – general intelligence
|
linked to many clusters that can be analyzed by factor analysis/ a general intelligence that underlies successful performance on a wide variety of tasks
|
|
|
Mere exposure effect
|
repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases their attraction
|
|
|
Definition of intelligence
|
(in all cultures) is the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use our knowledge to adapt to new situations
|
|
|
Proximity
|
geographic nearness is a powerful predictor of friendship
|
|
|
Sternberg’s three intelligences
|
1. Analytical intelligence: assessed by intelligence tests. 2. Creative Intelligence
|
|
|
Similarity
|
age, religion, smoking habits, balanced relationships
|
|
|
Definition of creativity
|
the ability to produce ideas that are both novel and invaluable. It correlates somewhat with intelligence,
|
|
|
Passionate love
|
an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship
|
|
|
Five components of creativity
|
expertise, imaginative thinking, a venturesome personality, intrinsic motivation, and a creative environment
|
|
|
Companionate love
|
a deep, affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined
|
|
|
Emotional intelligence
|
is the ability to perceive, understand, and use emotions. The test of this measures overall emotional intelligence and its four components: perceive, understand, manage and use.
|
|
|
Self
|
disclosure
|
|
|
Alfred Binet
|
developed the first IQ test
|
|
|
Altruism
|
an unselfish regard for the welfare of others
|
|
|
Computation of intelligence quotient
|
measure of an individual’s probable performance in school and similar settings. Mental age / actual age x 100 = IQ
|
|
|
Bystander intervention
|
tendency of any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
|
|
|
Mental age
|
age at which the individual functions
|
|
|
Syntax
|
words
|
|
|
Achievement tests
|
measure how much students have already learned, measure current knowledge and skills
|
|
|
Semantics
|
meaning of the words
|
|
|
Aptitude tests
|
measures a student’s ability to learn, predicts how well a student is likely to do in school
|
|
|
Babbling
|
beginning at four months the infant spontaneously utters various sounds, like ah-goo and is not an imitation of adult speech
|
|
|
Reliability
|
consistency of results, must be repeatable or stable
|
|
|
Telegraphic speech
|
two-word stage, before the 2nd year, a child starts to speak in two word sentences, because of this the child speaks like a telegraph
|
|
|
Validity
|
degree to which a test measures what it’s supposed to measure/ content: extent a test measures a particular behavior/ predictive: function of a test in predicting a particular behavior or trait
|
|
|
Language acquisition device – Chomsky
|
Chomsky opposed Skinner’s ideas and suggested that the rate of language acquisition is so fast that it cannot be explained through learning principles and thus most of it is inborn (inborn universal grammar)
|
|
|
Definition of personality
|
an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
|
|
|
G factor – general intelligence
|
linked to many clusters that can be analyzed by factor analysis/ a general intelligence that underlies successful performance on a wide variety of tasks
|
|
|
Free association
|
asking patients to say whatever came to their minds (chain of thoughts) in order to tap the unconscious mind
|
|
|
Definition of intelligence
|
(in all cultures) is the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use our knowledge to adapt to new situations
|
|
|
Psychoanalysis
|
theory of personality and a way of treating mental disorders (interaction of unconscious conflicting forces)
|
|
|
Sternberg’s three intelligences
|
1. Analytical intelligence: assessed by intelligence tests. 2. Creative Intelligence
|
|
|
Id
|
unconsciously strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives, operating on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification
|
|
|
Definition of creativity
|
the ability to produce ideas that are both novel and invaluable. It correlates somewhat with intelligence,
|
|
|
Ego
|
function as the “executive” and mediates the demands of the id and the super ego
|
|
|
Five components of creativity
|
expertise, imaginative thinking, a venturesome personality, intrinsic motivation, and a creative environment
|
|
|
Superego
|
provides standards for judgment (the conscious) and for future aspirations
|
|
|
Emotional intelligence
|
is the ability to perceive, understand, and use emotions. The test of this measures overall emotional intelligence and its four components: perceive, understand, manage and use.
|
|
|
Psychosexual stages
|
oral (pleasure centers on mouth), anal (pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination), phallic (zone in genitals), latency (dormant sexual feelings), genital (maturation of sexual interests)
|
|
|
Alfred Binet
|
developed the first IQ test
|
|
|
Defense mechanisms
|
repression, regression, reaction formation, projection, rationalization, and displacement
|
|
|
Computation of intelligence quotient
|
measure of an individual’s probable performance in school and similar settings. Mental age / actual age x 100 = IQ
|
|
|
TAT
|
thematic apperation test, developed by Henry Murray, is a projective test in which people express the inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
|
|
|
Mental age
|
age at which the individual functions
|
|
|
Rorschach ink blots
|
the most widely used projective test uses a set of ten inkblots and was designed by Hermann Rorschach
|
|
|
Achievement tests
|
measure how much students have already learned, measure current knowledge and skills
|
|
|
Self-actualization
|
Maslow suggested that those who fulfill their potential have satisfied this need
|
|
|
Aptitude tests
|
measures a student’s ability to learn, predicts how well a student is likely to do in school
|
|
|
Unconditional positive regard
|
an attitude of acceptance of others despite their failings. Carl Rogers also believed in an individual’s self
|
|
|
Reliability
|
consistency of results, must be repeatable or stable
|
|
|
Traits
|
characteristic patterns of behavior and conscious motives
|
|
|
Validity
|
degree to which a test measures what it’s supposed to measure/ content: extent a test measures a particular behavior/ predictive: function of a test in predicting a particular behavior or trait
|
|
|
Introversion
|
more self conscience and to ones self
|
|
|
Definition of personality
|
an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
|
|
|
Extroversion
|
more sociable and outgoing
|
|
|
Free association
|
asking patients to say whatever came to their minds (chain of thoughts) in order to tap the unconscious mind
|
|
|
MMPI
|
the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory is the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. It was originally developed to identify emotional disorders.
|
|
|
Psychoanalysis
|
theory of personality and a way of treating mental disorders (interaction of unconscious conflicting forces)
|
|
|
The person/situation controversy
|
Walter Mischel points out that traits may be enduring, but the resulting behavior in various situations is different. Therefore, traits are not a good predictor of behaviors.
|
|
|
Id
|
unconsciously strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives, operating on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification
|
|
|
External locus of control
|
refers to the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate
|
|
|
Ego
|
function as the “executive” and mediates the demands of the id and the super ego
|
|
|
Internal locus of control
|
refers to the perception that we can control our own fate
|
|
|
Superego
|
provides standards for judgment (the conscious) and for future aspirations
|
|
|
Psychosexual stages
|
oral (pleasure centers on mouth), anal (pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination), phallic (zone in genitals), latency (dormant sexual feelings), genital (maturation of sexual interests)
|
|
|
Def. of social psychology
|
scientifically studies how people think about, influence and relate to one another
|
|
|
Defense mechanisms
|
repression, regression, reaction formation, projection, rationalization, and displacement
|
|
|
Fundamental attribution error
|
our tendency to underestimate the impact of situational influences, and to overestimate the impact of personal dispositions in explaining the behavior of others
|
|
|
TAT
|
thematic apperation test, developed by Henry Murray, is a projective test in which people express the inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
|
|
|
Attribution theory
|
how people explain others’ behavior
|
|
|
Rorschach ink blots
|
the most widely used projective test uses a set of ten inkblots and was designed by Hermann Rorschach
|
|
|
Attitude
|
belief and feeling that predisposes one to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events
|
|
|
Self-actualization
|
Maslow suggested that those who fulfill their potential have satisfied this need
|
|
|
Central route of persuasion
|
involves being persuaded by the arguments or content of the message
|
|
|
Unconditional positive regard
|
an attitude of acceptance of others despite their failings. Carl Rogers also believed in an individual’s self
|
|
|
Peripheral route of persuasion
|
involves being persuaded in a manner that is not based on the arguments or the message content
|
|
|
Traits
|
characteristic patterns of behavior and conscious motives
|
|
|
Foot in the door phenomenon
|
tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request, to comply later with a large request
|
|
|
Introversion
|
more self conscience and to ones self
|
|
|
Roles
|
|
|
|
Extroversion
|
more sociable and outgoing
|
|
|
Cognitive dissonance theory
|
when our attitudes and actions are opposed, we experience tension
|
|
|
MMPI
|
the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory is the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. It was originally developed to identify emotional disorders.
|
|
|
Conformity
|
adjusting one’s behavior or thinking toward a group standard
|
|
|
The person/situation controversy
|
Walter Mischel points out that traits may be enduring, but the resulting behavior in various situations is different. Therefore, traits are not a good predictor of behaviors.
|
|
|
Asch’s conformity experiments
|
used suggestibility (adjusting our behavior thinking toward some group standard)
|
|
|
External locus of control
|
refers to the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate
|
|
|
Normative social influence
|
influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid rejection
|
|
|
Internal locus of control
|
refers to the perception that we can control our own fate
|
|
|
Informational social influence
|
the group may provide valuable information, but stubborn people will never listen to others
|
|
|
Def. of social psychology
|
scientifically studies how people think about, influence and relate to one another
|
|
|
Milgram’s obedience studies
|
investigates the effects of authority on obedience
|
|
|
Fundamental attribution error
|
our tendency to underestimate the impact of situational influences, and to overestimate the impact of personal dispositions in explaining the behavior of others
|
|
|
Social facilitation
|
refers to improved performance on tasks in the presence of others
|
|
|
Attribution theory
|
how people explain others’ behavior
|
|
|
Social loafing
|
the tendency of an individual in a group to exert less effort toward attaining a common goal than when tested individually
|
|
|
Attitude
|
belief and feeling that predisposes one to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events
|
|
|
Deindividuation
|
the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situation that foster arousal and anonymity (like mob behavior)
|
|
|
Central route of persuasion
|
involves being persuaded by the arguments or content of the message
|
|
|
Group polarization
|
enhances a group’s prevailing attitudes through a discussion. If a group is likeminded, discussion strengthens its prevailing opinions and attitudes
|
|
|
Peripheral route of persuasion
|
involves being persuaded in a manner that is not based on the arguments or the message content
|
|
|
Groupthink
|
a mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision
|
|
|
Foot in the door phenomenon
|
tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request, to comply later with a large request
|
|
|
Prejudice, stereotype, discrimination
|
prejudgment is unjustifiable, usually negative, attitude toward a group and its members and is often directed towards different cultural ethnic, or gender groups, provides an outlet for anger [emotion] by providing someone to blame. There are three components: beliefs (stereotypes), emotions (hostility, envy, fear), predisposition to act (to discriminate)
|
|
|
Roles
|
|
|
|
Ingroup biases
|
people with whom one shares a common identity have the tendency to favor ones’ own group
|
|
|
Cognitive dissonance theory
|
when our attitudes and actions are opposed, we experience tension
|
|
|
Outgroup biases
|
those perceived as being different from one’s ingroup
|
|
|
Conformity
|
adjusting one’s behavior or thinking toward a group standard
|
|
|
Scapegoat theory
|
prejudice provides an outlet for anger [emotion] by providing someone to blame
|
|
|
Asch’s conformity experiments
|
used suggestibility (adjusting our behavior thinking toward some group standard)
|
|
|
Just-world phenomenon
|
the tendency of people to believe the world is just, and that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get
|
|
|
Normative social influence
|
influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid rejection
|
|
|
Frustration aggression principle
|
a principle in which frustration (caused by blocking of an attempt to achieve a desired goal) creates anger, which can generate aggression
|
|
|
Informational social influence
|
the group may provide valuable information, but stubborn people will never listen to others
|
|
|
Mere exposure effect
|
repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases their attraction
|
|
|
Milgram’s obedience studies
|
investigates the effects of authority on obedience
|
|
|
Proximity
|
geographic nearness is a powerful predictor of friendship
|
|
|
Social facilitation
|
refers to improved performance on tasks in the presence of others
|
|
|
Similarity
|
age, religion, smoking habits, balanced relationships
|
|
|
Social loafing
|
the tendency of an individual in a group to exert less effort toward attaining a common goal than when tested individually
|
|
|
Passionate love
|
an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship
|
|
|
Deindividuation
|
the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situation that foster arousal and anonymity (like mob behavior)
|
|
|
Companionate love
|
a deep, affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined
|
|
|
Group polarization
|
enhances a group’s prevailing attitudes through a discussion. If a group is likeminded, discussion strengthens its prevailing opinions and attitudes
|
|
|
Self
|
disclosure
|
|
|
Groupthink
|
a mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision
|
|
|
Altruism
|
an unselfish regard for the welfare of others
|
|
|
Prejudice, stereotype, discrimination
|
prejudgment is unjustifiable, usually negative, attitude toward a group and its members and is often directed towards different cultural ethnic, or gender groups, provides an outlet for anger [emotion] by providing someone to blame. There are three components: beliefs (stereotypes), emotions (hostility, envy, fear), predisposition to act (to discriminate)
|
|
|
Bystander intervention
|
tendency of any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
|
|
|
Ingroup biases
|
people with whom one shares a common identity have the tendency to favor ones’ own group
|
|
|
Syntax
|
words
|
|
|
Outgroup biases
|
those perceived as being different from one’s ingroup
|
|
|
Semantics
|
meaning of the words
|
|
|
Scapegoat theory
|
prejudice provides an outlet for anger [emotion] by providing someone to blame
|
|
|
Babbling
|
beginning at four months the infant spontaneously utters various sounds, like ah-goo and is not an imitation of adult speech
|
|
|
Just-world phenomenon
|
the tendency of people to believe the world is just, and that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get
|
|
|
Telegraphic speech
|
two-word stage, before the 2nd year, a child starts to speak in two word sentences, because of this the child speaks like a telegraph
|
|
|
Frustration aggression principle
|
a principle in which frustration (caused by blocking of an attempt to achieve a desired goal) creates anger, which can generate aggression
|
|
|
Language acquisition device – Chomsky
|
Chomsky opposed Skinner’s ideas and suggested that the rate of language acquisition is so fast that it cannot be explained through learning principles and thus most of it is inborn (inborn universal grammar)
|
|
|
Mere exposure effect
|
repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases their attraction
|
|
|
G factor – general intelligence
|
linked to many clusters that can be analyzed by factor analysis/ a general intelligence that underlies successful performance on a wide variety of tasks
|
|
|
Proximity
|
geographic nearness is a powerful predictor of friendship
|
|
|
Definition of intelligence
|
(in all cultures) is the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use our knowledge to adapt to new situations
|
|
|
Similarity
|
age, religion, smoking habits, balanced relationships
|
|
|
Sternberg’s three intelligences
|
1. Analytical intelligence: assessed by intelligence tests. 2. Creative Intelligence
|
|
|
Passionate love
|
an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship
|
|
|
Definition of creativity
|
the ability to produce ideas that are both novel and invaluable. It correlates somewhat with intelligence,
|
|
|
Companionate love
|
a deep, affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined
|
|
|
Five components of creativity
|
expertise, imaginative thinking, a venturesome personality, intrinsic motivation, and a creative environment
|
|
|
Self
|
disclosure
|
|
|
Emotional intelligence
|
is the ability to perceive, understand, and use emotions. The test of this measures overall emotional intelligence and its four components: perceive, understand, manage and use.
|
|
|
Altruism
|
an unselfish regard for the welfare of others
|
|
|
Alfred Binet
|
developed the first IQ test
|
|
|
Bystander intervention
|
tendency of any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
|
|
|
Computation of intelligence quotient
|
measure of an individual’s probable performance in school and similar settings. Mental age / actual age x 100 = IQ
|
|
|
Syntax
|
words
|
|
|
Mental age
|
age at which the individual functions
|
|
|
Semantics
|
meaning of the words
|
|
|
Achievement tests
|
measure how much students have already learned, measure current knowledge and skills
|
|
|
Babbling
|
beginning at four months the infant spontaneously utters various sounds, like ah-goo and is not an imitation of adult speech
|
|
|
Aptitude tests
|
measures a student’s ability to learn, predicts how well a student is likely to do in school
|
|
|
Telegraphic speech
|
two-word stage, before the 2nd year, a child starts to speak in two word sentences, because of this the child speaks like a telegraph
|
|
|
Reliability
|
consistency of results, must be repeatable or stable
|
|
|
Language acquisition device – Chomsky
|
Chomsky opposed Skinner’s ideas and suggested that the rate of language acquisition is so fast that it cannot be explained through learning principles and thus most of it is inborn (inborn universal grammar)
|
|
|
Validity
|
degree to which a test measures what it’s supposed to measure/ content: extent a test measures a particular behavior/ predictive: function of a test in predicting a particular behavior or trait
|
|
|
G factor – general intelligence
|
linked to many clusters that can be analyzed by factor analysis/ a general intelligence that underlies successful performance on a wide variety of tasks
|
|
|
Definition of personality
|
an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
|
|
|
Definition of intelligence
|
(in all cultures) is the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use our knowledge to adapt to new situations
|
|
|
Free association
|
asking patients to say whatever came to their minds (chain of thoughts) in order to tap the unconscious mind
|
|
|
Sternberg’s three intelligences
|
1. Analytical intelligence: assessed by intelligence tests. 2. Creative Intelligence
|
|
|
Psychoanalysis
|
theory of personality and a way of treating mental disorders (interaction of unconscious conflicting forces)
|
|
|
Definition of creativity
|
the ability to produce ideas that are both novel and invaluable. It correlates somewhat with intelligence,
|
|
|
Id
|
unconsciously strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives, operating on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification
|
|
|
Five components of creativity
|
expertise, imaginative thinking, a venturesome personality, intrinsic motivation, and a creative environment
|
|
|
Ego
|
function as the “executive” and mediates the demands of the id and the super ego
|
|
|
Emotional intelligence
|
is the ability to perceive, understand, and use emotions. The test of this measures overall emotional intelligence and its four components: perceive, understand, manage and use.
|
|
|
Superego
|
provides standards for judgment (the conscious) and for future aspirations
|
|
|
Alfred Binet
|
developed the first IQ test
|
|
|
Psychosexual stages
|
oral (pleasure centers on mouth), anal (pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination), phallic (zone in genitals), latency (dormant sexual feelings), genital (maturation of sexual interests)
|
|
|
Computation of intelligence quotient
|
measure of an individual’s probable performance in school and similar settings. Mental age / actual age x 100 = IQ
|
|
|
Defense mechanisms
|
repression, regression, reaction formation, projection, rationalization, and displacement
|
|
|
Mental age
|
age at which the individual functions
|
|
|
TAT
|
thematic apperation test, developed by Henry Murray, is a projective test in which people express the inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
|
|
|
Achievement tests
|
measure how much students have already learned, measure current knowledge and skills
|
|
|
Rorschach ink blots
|
the most widely used projective test uses a set of ten inkblots and was designed by Hermann Rorschach
|
|
|
Aptitude tests
|
measures a student’s ability to learn, predicts how well a student is likely to do in school
|
|
|
Self-actualization
|
Maslow suggested that those who fulfill their potential have satisfied this need
|
|
|
Reliability
|
consistency of results, must be repeatable or stable
|
|
|
Unconditional positive regard
|
an attitude of acceptance of others despite their failings. Carl Rogers also believed in an individual’s self
|
|
|
Validity
|
degree to which a test measures what it’s supposed to measure/ content: extent a test measures a particular behavior/ predictive: function of a test in predicting a particular behavior or trait
|
|
|
Traits
|
characteristic patterns of behavior and conscious motives
|
|
|
Definition of personality
|
an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
|
|
|
Introversion
|
more self conscience and to ones self
|
|
|
Free association
|
asking patients to say whatever came to their minds (chain of thoughts) in order to tap the unconscious mind
|
|
|
Extroversion
|
more sociable and outgoing
|
|
|
Psychoanalysis
|
theory of personality and a way of treating mental disorders (interaction of unconscious conflicting forces)
|
|
|
MMPI
|
the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory is the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. It was originally developed to identify emotional disorders.
|
|
|
Id
|
unconsciously strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives, operating on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification
|
|
|
The person/situation controversy
|
Walter Mischel points out that traits may be enduring, but the resulting behavior in various situations is different. Therefore, traits are not a good predictor of behaviors.
|
|
|
Ego
|
function as the “executive” and mediates the demands of the id and the super ego
|
|
|
External locus of control
|
refers to the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate
|
|
|
Superego
|
provides standards for judgment (the conscious) and for future aspirations
|
|
|
Internal locus of control
|
refers to the perception that we can control our own fate
|
|
|
Psychosexual stages
|
oral (pleasure centers on mouth), anal (pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination), phallic (zone in genitals), latency (dormant sexual feelings), genital (maturation of sexual interests)
|
|
|
Def. of social psychology
|
scientifically studies how people think about, influence and relate to one another
|
|
|
Defense mechanisms
|
repression, regression, reaction formation, projection, rationalization, and displacement
|
|
|
Fundamental attribution error
|
our tendency to underestimate the impact of situational influences, and to overestimate the impact of personal dispositions in explaining the behavior of others
|
|
|
TAT
|
thematic apperation test, developed by Henry Murray, is a projective test in which people express the inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
|
|
|
Attribution theory
|
how people explain others’ behavior
|
|
|
Rorschach ink blots
|
the most widely used projective test uses a set of ten inkblots and was designed by Hermann Rorschach
|
|
|
Attitude
|
belief and feeling that predisposes one to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events
|
|
|
Self-actualization
|
Maslow suggested that those who fulfill their potential have satisfied this need
|
|
|
Central route of persuasion
|
involves being persuaded by the arguments or content of the message
|
|
|
Unconditional positive regard
|
an attitude of acceptance of others despite their failings. Carl Rogers also believed in an individual’s self
|
|
|
Peripheral route of persuasion
|
involves being persuaded in a manner that is not based on the arguments or the message content
|
|
|
Traits
|
characteristic patterns of behavior and conscious motives
|
|
|
Foot in the door phenomenon
|
tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request, to comply later with a large request
|
|
|
Roles
|
|
|
|
Introversion
|
more self conscience and to ones self
|
|
|
Cognitive dissonance theory
|
when our attitudes and actions are opposed, we experience tension
|
|
|
Extroversion
|
more sociable and outgoing
|
|
|
Conformity
|
adjusting one’s behavior or thinking toward a group standard
|
|
|
MMPI
|
the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory is the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. It was originally developed to identify emotional disorders.
|
|
|
Asch’s conformity experiments
|
used suggestibility (adjusting our behavior thinking toward some group standard)
|
|
|
The person/situation controversy
|
Walter Mischel points out that traits may be enduring, but the resulting behavior in various situations is different. Therefore, traits are not a good predictor of behaviors.
|
|
|
Normative social influence
|
influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid rejection
|
|
|
External locus of control
|
refers to the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate
|
|
|
Informational social influence
|
the group may provide valuable information, but stubborn people will never listen to others
|
|
|
Internal locus of control
|
refers to the perception that we can control our own fate
|
|
|
Milgram’s obedience studies
|
investigates the effects of authority on obedience
|
|
|
Def. of social psychology
|
scientifically studies how people think about, influence and relate to one another
|
|
|
Social facilitation
|
refers to improved performance on tasks in the presence of others
|
|
|
Fundamental attribution error
|
our tendency to underestimate the impact of situational influences, and to overestimate the impact of personal dispositions in explaining the behavior of others
|
|
|
Social loafing
|
the tendency of an individual in a group to exert less effort toward attaining a common goal than when tested individually
|
|
|
Attribution theory
|
how people explain others’ behavior
|
|
|
Deindividuation
|
the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situation that foster arousal and anonymity (like mob behavior)
|
|
|
Attitude
|
belief and feeling that predisposes one to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events
|
|
|
Group polarization
|
enhances a group’s prevailing attitudes through a discussion. If a group is likeminded, discussion strengthens its prevailing opinions and attitudes
|
|
|
Central route of persuasion
|
involves being persuaded by the arguments or content of the message
|
|
|
Groupthink
|
a mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision
|
|
|
Peripheral route of persuasion
|
involves being persuaded in a manner that is not based on the arguments or the message content
|
|
|
Prejudice, stereotype, discrimination
|
prejudgment is unjustifiable, usually negative, attitude toward a group and its members and is often directed towards different cultural ethnic, or gender groups, provides an outlet for anger [emotion] by providing someone to blame. There are three components: beliefs (stereotypes), emotions (hostility, envy, fear), predisposition to act (to discriminate)
|
|
|
Foot in the door phenomenon
|
tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request, to comply later with a large request
|
|
|
Ingroup biases
|
people with whom one shares a common identity have the tendency to favor ones’ own group
|
|
|
Roles
|
|
|
|
Outgroup biases
|
those perceived as being different from one’s ingroup
|
|
|
Cognitive dissonance theory
|
when our attitudes and actions are opposed, we experience tension
|
|
|
Scapegoat theory
|
prejudice provides an outlet for anger [emotion] by providing someone to blame
|
|
|
Conformity
|
adjusting one’s behavior or thinking toward a group standard
|
|
|
Just-world phenomenon
|
the tendency of people to believe the world is just, and that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get
|
|
|
Asch’s conformity experiments
|
used suggestibility (adjusting our behavior thinking toward some group standard)
|
|
|
Frustration aggression principle
|
a principle in which frustration (caused by blocking of an attempt to achieve a desired goal) creates anger, which can generate aggression
|
|
|
Normative social influence
|
influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid rejection
|
|
|
Mere exposure effect
|
repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases their attraction
|
|
|
Informational social influence
|
the group may provide valuable information, but stubborn people will never listen to others
|
|
|
Proximity
|
geographic nearness is a powerful predictor of friendship
|
|
|
Milgram’s obedience studies
|
investigates the effects of authority on obedience
|
|
|
Similarity
|
age, religion, smoking habits, balanced relationships
|
|
|
Social facilitation
|
refers to improved performance on tasks in the presence of others
|
|
|
Passionate love
|
an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship
|
|
|
Social loafing
|
the tendency of an individual in a group to exert less effort toward attaining a common goal than when tested individually
|
|
|
Companionate love
|
a deep, affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined
|
|
|
Deindividuation
|
the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situation that foster arousal and anonymity (like mob behavior)
|
|
|
Self
|
disclosure
|
|
|
Group polarization
|
enhances a group’s prevailing attitudes through a discussion. If a group is likeminded, discussion strengthens its prevailing opinions and attitudes
|
|
|
Altruism
|
an unselfish regard for the welfare of others
|
|
|
Groupthink
|
a mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision
|
|
|
Bystander intervention
|
tendency of any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
|
|
|
Prejudice, stereotype, discrimination
|
prejudgment is unjustifiable, usually negative, attitude toward a group and its members and is often directed towards different cultural ethnic, or gender groups, provides an outlet for anger [emotion] by providing someone to blame. There are three components: beliefs (stereotypes), emotions (hostility, envy, fear), predisposition to act (to discriminate)
|
|
|
Syntax
|
words
|
|
|
Ingroup biases
|
people with whom one shares a common identity have the tendency to favor ones’ own group
|
|
|
Semantics
|
meaning of the words
|
|
|
Outgroup biases
|
those perceived as being different from one’s ingroup
|
|
|
Babbling
|
beginning at four months the infant spontaneously utters various sounds, like ah-goo and is not an imitation of adult speech
|
|
|
Scapegoat theory
|
prejudice provides an outlet for anger [emotion] by providing someone to blame
|
|
|
Telegraphic speech
|
two-word stage, before the 2nd year, a child starts to speak in two word sentences, because of this the child speaks like a telegraph
|
|
|
Just-world phenomenon
|
the tendency of people to believe the world is just, and that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get
|
|
|
Language acquisition device – Chomsky
|
Chomsky opposed Skinner’s ideas and suggested that the rate of language acquisition is so fast that it cannot be explained through learning principles and thus most of it is inborn (inborn universal grammar)
|
|
|
Frustration aggression principle
|
a principle in which frustration (caused by blocking of an attempt to achieve a desired goal) creates anger, which can generate aggression
|
|
|
G factor – general intelligence
|
linked to many clusters that can be analyzed by factor analysis/ a general intelligence that underlies successful performance on a wide variety of tasks
|
|
|
Mere exposure effect
|
repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases their attraction
|
|
|
Definition of intelligence
|
(in all cultures) is the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use our knowledge to adapt to new situations
|
|
|
Proximity
|
geographic nearness is a powerful predictor of friendship
|
|
|
Sternberg’s three intelligences
|
1. Analytical intelligence: assessed by intelligence tests. 2. Creative Intelligence
|
|
|
Similarity
|
age, religion, smoking habits, balanced relationships
|
|
|
Definition of creativity
|
the ability to produce ideas that are both novel and invaluable. It correlates somewhat with intelligence,
|
|
|
Passionate love
|
an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship
|
|
|
Five components of creativity
|
expertise, imaginative thinking, a venturesome personality, intrinsic motivation, and a creative environment
|
|
|
Companionate love
|
a deep, affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined
|
|
|
Emotional intelligence
|
is the ability to perceive, understand, and use emotions. The test of this measures overall emotional intelligence and its four components: perceive, understand, manage and use.
|
|
|
Self
|
disclosure
|
|
|
Alfred Binet
|
developed the first IQ test
|
|
|
Altruism
|
an unselfish regard for the welfare of others
|
|
|
Computation of intelligence quotient
|
measure of an individual’s probable performance in school and similar settings. Mental age / actual age x 100 = IQ
|
|
|
Bystander intervention
|
tendency of any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
|
|
|
Mental age
|
age at which the individual functions
|
|
|
Syntax
|
words
|
|
|
Achievement tests
|
measure how much students have already learned, measure current knowledge and skills
|
|
|
Semantics
|
meaning of the words
|
|
|
Aptitude tests
|
measures a student’s ability to learn, predicts how well a student is likely to do in school
|
|
|
Babbling
|
beginning at four months the infant spontaneously utters various sounds, like ah-goo and is not an imitation of adult speech
|
|
|
Reliability
|
consistency of results, must be repeatable or stable
|
|
|
Telegraphic speech
|
two-word stage, before the 2nd year, a child starts to speak in two word sentences, because of this the child speaks like a telegraph
|
|
|
Validity
|
degree to which a test measures what it’s supposed to measure/ content: extent a test measures a particular behavior/ predictive: function of a test in predicting a particular behavior or trait
|
|
|
Language acquisition device – Chomsky
|
Chomsky opposed Skinner’s ideas and suggested that the rate of language acquisition is so fast that it cannot be explained through learning principles and thus most of it is inborn (inborn universal grammar)
|
|
|
Definition of personality
|
an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
|
|
|
G factor – general intelligence
|
linked to many clusters that can be analyzed by factor analysis/ a general intelligence that underlies successful performance on a wide variety of tasks
|
|
|
Free association
|
asking patients to say whatever came to their minds (chain of thoughts) in order to tap the unconscious mind
|
|
|
Definition of intelligence
|
(in all cultures) is the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use our knowledge to adapt to new situations
|
|
|
Psychoanalysis
|
theory of personality and a way of treating mental disorders (interaction of unconscious conflicting forces)
|
|
|
Sternberg’s three intelligences
|
1. Analytical intelligence: assessed by intelligence tests. 2. Creative Intelligence
|
|
|
Id
|
unconsciously strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives, operating on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification
|
|
|
Definition of creativity
|
the ability to produce ideas that are both novel and invaluable. It correlates somewhat with intelligence,
|
|
|
Ego
|
function as the “executive” and mediates the demands of the id and the super ego
|
|
|
Five components of creativity
|
expertise, imaginative thinking, a venturesome personality, intrinsic motivation, and a creative environment
|
|
|
Superego
|
provides standards for judgment (the conscious) and for future aspirations
|
|
|
Emotional intelligence
|
is the ability to perceive, understand, and use emotions. The test of this measures overall emotional intelligence and its four components: perceive, understand, manage and use.
|
|
|
Psychosexual stages
|
oral (pleasure centers on mouth), anal (pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination), phallic (zone in genitals), latency (dormant sexual feelings), genital (maturation of sexual interests)
|
|
|
Alfred Binet
|
developed the first IQ test
|
|
|
Defense mechanisms
|
repression, regression, reaction formation, projection, rationalization, and displacement
|
|
|
Computation of intelligence quotient
|
measure of an individual’s probable performance in school and similar settings. Mental age / actual age x 100 = IQ
|
|
|
TAT
|
thematic apperation test, developed by Henry Murray, is a projective test in which people express the inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
|
|
|
Mental age
|
age at which the individual functions
|
|
|
Rorschach ink blots
|
the most widely used projective test uses a set of ten inkblots and was designed by Hermann Rorschach
|
|
|
Achievement tests
|
measure how much students have already learned, measure current knowledge and skills
|
|
|
Self-actualization
|
Maslow suggested that those who fulfill their potential have satisfied this need
|
|
|
Aptitude tests
|
measures a student’s ability to learn, predicts how well a student is likely to do in school
|
|
|
Unconditional positive regard
|
an attitude of acceptance of others despite their failings. Carl Rogers also believed in an individual’s self
|
|
|
Reliability
|
consistency of results, must be repeatable or stable
|
|
|
Traits
|
characteristic patterns of behavior and conscious motives
|
|
|
Validity
|
degree to which a test measures what it’s supposed to measure/ content: extent a test measures a particular behavior/ predictive: function of a test in predicting a particular behavior or trait
|
|
|
Introversion
|
more self conscience and to ones self
|
|
|
Definition of personality
|
an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
|
|
|
Extroversion
|
more sociable and outgoing
|
|
|
Free association
|
asking patients to say whatever came to their minds (chain of thoughts) in order to tap the unconscious mind
|
|
|
MMPI
|
the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory is the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. It was originally developed to identify emotional disorders.
|
|
|
Psychoanalysis
|
theory of personality and a way of treating mental disorders (interaction of unconscious conflicting forces)
|
|
|
The person/situation controversy
|
Walter Mischel points out that traits may be enduring, but the resulting behavior in various situations is different. Therefore, traits are not a good predictor of behaviors.
|
|
|
Id
|
unconsciously strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives, operating on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification
|
|
|
External locus of control
|
refers to the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate
|
|
|
Ego
|
function as the “executive” and mediates the demands of the id and the super ego
|
|
|
Internal locus of control
|
refers to the perception that we can control our own fate
|
|
|
Superego
|
provides standards for judgment (the conscious) and for future aspirations
|
|
|
Def. of social psychology
|
scientifically studies how people think about, influence and relate to one another
|
|
|
Psychosexual stages
|
oral (pleasure centers on mouth), anal (pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination), phallic (zone in genitals), latency (dormant sexual feelings), genital (maturation of sexual interests)
|
|
|
Fundamental attribution error
|
our tendency to underestimate the impact of situational influences, and to overestimate the impact of personal dispositions in explaining the behavior of others
|
|
|
Defense mechanisms
|
repression, regression, reaction formation, projection, rationalization, and displacement
|
|
|
Attribution theory
|
how people explain others’ behavior
|
|
|
TAT
|
thematic apperation test, developed by Henry Murray, is a projective test in which people express the inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
|
|
|
Attitude
|
belief and feeling that predisposes one to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events
|
|
|
Rorschach ink blots
|
the most widely used projective test uses a set of ten inkblots and was designed by Hermann Rorschach
|
|
|
Central route of persuasion
|
involves being persuaded by the arguments or content of the message
|
|
|
Self-actualization
|
Maslow suggested that those who fulfill their potential have satisfied this need
|
|
|
Peripheral route of persuasion
|
involves being persuaded in a manner that is not based on the arguments or the message content
|
|
|
Unconditional positive regard
|
an attitude of acceptance of others despite their failings. Carl Rogers also believed in an individual’s self
|
|
|
Traits
|
characteristic patterns of behavior and conscious motives
|
|
|
Foot in the door phenomenon
|
tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request, to comply later with a large request
|
|
|
Roles
|
|
|
|
Introversion
|
more self conscience and to ones self
|
|
|
Cognitive dissonance theory
|
when our attitudes and actions are opposed, we experience tension
|
|
|
Extroversion
|
more sociable and outgoing
|
|
|
Conformity
|
adjusting one’s behavior or thinking toward a group standard
|
|
|
MMPI
|
the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory is the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. It was originally developed to identify emotional disorders.
|
|
|
Asch’s conformity experiments
|
used suggestibility (adjusting our behavior thinking toward some group standard)
|
|
|
The person/situation controversy
|
Walter Mischel points out that traits may be enduring, but the resulting behavior in various situations is different. Therefore, traits are not a good predictor of behaviors.
|
|
|
Normative social influence
|
influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid rejection
|
|
|
External locus of control
|
refers to the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate
|
|
|
Informational social influence
|
the group may provide valuable information, but stubborn people will never listen to others
|
|
|
Internal locus of control
|
refers to the perception that we can control our own fate
|
|
|
Milgram’s obedience studies
|
investigates the effects of authority on obedience
|
|
|
Def. of social psychology
|
scientifically studies how people think about, influence and relate to one another
|
|
|
Social facilitation
|
refers to improved performance on tasks in the presence of others
|
|
|
Fundamental attribution error
|
our tendency to underestimate the impact of situational influences, and to overestimate the impact of personal dispositions in explaining the behavior of others
|
|
|
Social loafing
|
the tendency of an individual in a group to exert less effort toward attaining a common goal than when tested individually
|
|
|
Attribution theory
|
how people explain others’ behavior
|
|
|
Deindividuation
|
the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situation that foster arousal and anonymity (like mob behavior)
|
|
|
Attitude
|
belief and feeling that predisposes one to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events
|
|
|
Group polarization
|
enhances a group’s prevailing attitudes through a discussion. If a group is likeminded, discussion strengthens its prevailing opinions and attitudes
|
|
|
Central route of persuasion
|
involves being persuaded by the arguments or content of the message
|
|
|
Groupthink
|
a mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision
|
|
|
Peripheral route of persuasion
|
involves being persuaded in a manner that is not based on the arguments or the message content
|
|
|
Prejudice, stereotype, discrimination
|
prejudgment is unjustifiable, usually negative, attitude toward a group and its members and is often directed towards different cultural ethnic, or gender groups, provides an outlet for anger [emotion] by providing someone to blame. There are three components: beliefs (stereotypes), emotions (hostility, envy, fear), predisposition to act (to discriminate)
|
|
|
Foot in the door phenomenon
|
tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request, to comply later with a large request
|
|
|
Ingroup biases
|
people with whom one shares a common identity have the tendency to favor ones’ own group
|
|
|
Roles
|
|
|
|
Outgroup biases
|
those perceived as being different from one’s ingroup
|
|
|
Cognitive dissonance theory
|
when our attitudes and actions are opposed, we experience tension
|
|
|
Scapegoat theory
|
prejudice provides an outlet for anger [emotion] by providing someone to blame
|
|
|
Conformity
|
adjusting one’s behavior or thinking toward a group standard
|
|
|
Just-world phenomenon
|
the tendency of people to believe the world is just, and that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get
|
|
|
Asch’s conformity experiments
|
used suggestibility (adjusting our behavior thinking toward some group standard)
|
|
|
Frustration aggression principle
|
a principle in which frustration (caused by blocking of an attempt to achieve a desired goal) creates anger, which can generate aggression
|
|
|
Normative social influence
|
influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid rejection
|
|
|
Mere exposure effect
|
repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases their attraction
|
|
|
Informational social influence
|
the group may provide valuable information, but stubborn people will never listen to others
|
|
|
Proximity
|
geographic nearness is a powerful predictor of friendship
|
|
|
Milgram’s obedience studies
|
investigates the effects of authority on obedience
|
|
|
Similarity
|
age, religion, smoking habits, balanced relationships
|
|
|
Social facilitation
|
refers to improved performance on tasks in the presence of others
|
|
|
Passionate love
|
an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship
|
|
|
Social loafing
|
the tendency of an individual in a group to exert less effort toward attaining a common goal than when tested individually
|
|
|
Companionate love
|
a deep, affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined
|
|
|
Deindividuation
|
the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situation that foster arousal and anonymity (like mob behavior)
|
|
|
Self
|
disclosure
|
|
|
Group polarization
|
enhances a group’s prevailing attitudes through a discussion. If a group is likeminded, discussion strengthens its prevailing opinions and attitudes
|
|
|
Altruism
|
an unselfish regard for the welfare of others
|
|
|
Groupthink
|
a mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision
|
|
|
Prejudice, stereotype, discrimination
|
prejudgment is unjustifiable, usually negative, attitude toward a group and its members and is often directed towards different cultural ethnic, or gender groups, provides an outlet for anger [emotion] by providing someone to blame. There are three components: beliefs (stereotypes), emotions (hostility, envy, fear), predisposition to act (to discriminate)
|
|
|
Bystander intervention
|
tendency of any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
|
|
|
Ingroup biases
|
people with whom one shares a common identity have the tendency to favor ones’ own group
|
|
|
Syntax
|
words
|
|
|
Outgroup biases
|
those perceived as being different from one’s ingroup
|
|
|
Semantics
|
meaning of the words
|
|
|
Scapegoat theory
|
prejudice provides an outlet for anger [emotion] by providing someone to blame
|
|
|
Babbling
|
beginning at four months the infant spontaneously utters various sounds, like ah-goo and is not an imitation of adult speech
|
|
|
Just-world phenomenon
|
the tendency of people to believe the world is just, and that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get
|
|
|
Telegraphic speech
|
two-word stage, before the 2nd year, a child starts to speak in two word sentences, because of this the child speaks like a telegraph
|
|
|
Frustration aggression principle
|
a principle in which frustration (caused by blocking of an attempt to achieve a desired goal) creates anger, which can generate aggression
|
|
|
Language acquisition device – Chomsky
|
Chomsky opposed Skinner’s ideas and suggested that the rate of language acquisition is so fast that it cannot be explained through learning principles and thus most of it is inborn (inborn universal grammar)
|
|
|
Mere exposure effect
|
repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases their attraction
|
|
|
G factor – general intelligence
|
linked to many clusters that can be analyzed by factor analysis/ a general intelligence that underlies successful performance on a wide variety of tasks
|
|
|
Proximity
|
geographic nearness is a powerful predictor of friendship
|
|
|
Definition of intelligence
|
(in all cultures) is the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use our knowledge to adapt to new situations
|
|
|
Similarity
|
age, religion, smoking habits, balanced relationships
|
|
|
Sternberg’s three intelligences
|
1. Analytical intelligence: assessed by intelligence tests. 2. Creative Intelligence
|
|
|
Passionate love
|
an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship
|
|
|
Definition of creativity
|
the ability to produce ideas that are both novel and invaluable. It correlates somewhat with intelligence,
|
|
|
Companionate love
|
a deep, affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined
|
|
|
Five components of creativity
|
expertise, imaginative thinking, a venturesome personality, intrinsic motivation, and a creative environment
|
|
|
Self
|
disclosure
|
|
|
Emotional intelligence
|
is the ability to perceive, understand, and use emotions. The test of this measures overall emotional intelligence and its four components: perceive, understand, manage and use.
|
|
|
Altruism
|
an unselfish regard for the welfare of others
|
|
|
Alfred Binet
|
developed the first IQ test
|
|
|
Bystander intervention
|
tendency of any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
|
|
|
Computation of intelligence quotient
|
measure of an individual’s probable performance in school and similar settings. Mental age / actual age x 100 = IQ
|
|
|
Syntax
|
words
|
|
|
Mental age
|
age at which the individual functions
|
|
|
Semantics
|
meaning of the words
|
|
|
Achievement tests
|
measure how much students have already learned, measure current knowledge and skills
|
|
|
Babbling
|
beginning at four months the infant spontaneously utters various sounds, like ah-goo and is not an imitation of adult speech
|
|
|
Aptitude tests
|
measures a student’s ability to learn, predicts how well a student is likely to do in school
|
|
|
Telegraphic speech
|
two-word stage, before the 2nd year, a child starts to speak in two word sentences, because of this the child speaks like a telegraph
|
|
|
Reliability
|
consistency of results, must be repeatable or stable
|
|
|
Language acquisition device – Chomsky
|
Chomsky opposed Skinner’s ideas and suggested that the rate of language acquisition is so fast that it cannot be explained through learning principles and thus most of it is inborn (inborn universal grammar)
|
|
|
Validity
|
degree to which a test measures what it’s supposed to measure/ content: extent a test measures a particular behavior/ predictive: function of a test in predicting a particular behavior or trait
|
|
|
G factor – general intelligence
|
linked to many clusters that can be analyzed by factor analysis/ a general intelligence that underlies successful performance on a wide variety of tasks
|
|
|
Definition of personality
|
an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
|
|
|
Definition of intelligence
|
(in all cultures) is the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use our knowledge to adapt to new situations
|
|
|
Free association
|
asking patients to say whatever came to their minds (chain of thoughts) in order to tap the unconscious mind
|
|
|
Sternberg’s three intelligences
|
1. Analytical intelligence: assessed by intelligence tests. 2. Creative Intelligence
|
|
|
Psychoanalysis
|
theory of personality and a way of treating mental disorders (interaction of unconscious conflicting forces)
|
|
|
Definition of creativity
|
the ability to produce ideas that are both novel and invaluable. It correlates somewhat with intelligence,
|
|
|
Id
|
unconsciously strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives, operating on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification
|
|
|
Five components of creativity
|
expertise, imaginative thinking, a venturesome personality, intrinsic motivation, and a creative environment
|
|
|
Ego
|
function as the “executive” and mediates the demands of the id and the super ego
|
|
|
Emotional intelligence
|
is the ability to perceive, understand, and use emotions. The test of this measures overall emotional intelligence and its four components: perceive, understand, manage and use.
|
|
|
Superego
|
provides standards for judgment (the conscious) and for future aspirations
|
|
|
Alfred Binet
|
developed the first IQ test
|
|
|
Psychosexual stages
|
oral (pleasure centers on mouth), anal (pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination), phallic (zone in genitals), latency (dormant sexual feelings), genital (maturation of sexual interests)
|
|
|
Computation of intelligence quotient
|
measure of an individual’s probable performance in school and similar settings. Mental age / actual age x 100 = IQ
|
|
|
Defense mechanisms
|
repression, regression, reaction formation, projection, rationalization, and displacement
|
|
|
Mental age
|
age at which the individual functions
|
|
|
TAT
|
thematic apperation test, developed by Henry Murray, is a projective test in which people express the inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
|
|
|
Achievement tests
|
measure how much students have already learned, measure current knowledge and skills
|
|
|
Rorschach ink blots
|
the most widely used projective test uses a set of ten inkblots and was designed by Hermann Rorschach
|
|
|
Aptitude tests
|
measures a student’s ability to learn, predicts how well a student is likely to do in school
|
|
|
Self-actualization
|
Maslow suggested that those who fulfill their potential have satisfied this need
|
|
|
Reliability
|
consistency of results, must be repeatable or stable
|
|
|
Unconditional positive regard
|
an attitude of acceptance of others despite their failings. Carl Rogers also believed in an individual’s self
|
|
|
Validity
|
degree to which a test measures what it’s supposed to measure/ content: extent a test measures a particular behavior/ predictive: function of a test in predicting a particular behavior or trait
|
|
|
Traits
|
characteristic patterns of behavior and conscious motives
|
|
|
Definition of personality
|
an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
|
|
|
Introversion
|
more self conscience and to ones self
|
|
|
Free association
|
asking patients to say whatever came to their minds (chain of thoughts) in order to tap the unconscious mind
|
|
|
Extroversion
|
more sociable and outgoing
|
|
|
Psychoanalysis
|
theory of personality and a way of treating mental disorders (interaction of unconscious conflicting forces)
|
|
|
MMPI
|
the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory is the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. It was originally developed to identify emotional disorders.
|
|
|
Id
|
unconsciously strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives, operating on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification
|
|
|
The person/situation controversy
|
Walter Mischel points out that traits may be enduring, but the resulting behavior in various situations is different. Therefore, traits are not a good predictor of behaviors.
|
|
|
Ego
|
function as the “executive” and mediates the demands of the id and the super ego
|
|
|
External locus of control
|
refers to the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate
|
|
|
Superego
|
provides standards for judgment (the conscious) and for future aspirations
|
|
|
Internal locus of control
|
refers to the perception that we can control our own fate
|
|
|
Psychosexual stages
|
oral (pleasure centers on mouth), anal (pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination), phallic (zone in genitals), latency (dormant sexual feelings), genital (maturation of sexual interests)
|
|
|
Def. of social psychology
|
scientifically studies how people think about, influence and relate to one another
|
|
|
Defense mechanisms
|
repression, regression, reaction formation, projection, rationalization, and displacement
|
|
|
Fundamental attribution error
|
our tendency to underestimate the impact of situational influences, and to overestimate the impact of personal dispositions in explaining the behavior of others
|
|
|
TAT
|
thematic apperation test, developed by Henry Murray, is a projective test in which people express the inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
|
|
|
Attribution theory
|
how people explain others’ behavior
|
|
|
Rorschach ink blots
|
the most widely used projective test uses a set of ten inkblots and was designed by Hermann Rorschach
|
|
|
Attitude
|
belief and feeling that predisposes one to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events
|
|
|
Self-actualization
|
Maslow suggested that those who fulfill their potential have satisfied this need
|
|
|
Central route of persuasion
|
involves being persuaded by the arguments or content of the message
|
|
|
Unconditional positive regard
|
an attitude of acceptance of others despite their failings. Carl Rogers also believed in an individual’s self
|
|
|
Peripheral route of persuasion
|
involves being persuaded in a manner that is not based on the arguments or the message content
|
|
|
Traits
|
characteristic patterns of behavior and conscious motives
|
|
|
Foot in the door phenomenon
|
tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request, to comply later with a large request
|
|
|
Introversion
|
more self conscience and to ones self
|
|
|
Roles
|
|
|
|
Extroversion
|
more sociable and outgoing
|
|
|
Cognitive dissonance theory
|
when our attitudes and actions are opposed, we experience tension
|
|
|
MMPI
|
the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory is the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. It was originally developed to identify emotional disorders.
|
|
|
Conformity
|
adjusting one’s behavior or thinking toward a group standard
|
|
|
The person/situation controversy
|
Walter Mischel points out that traits may be enduring, but the resulting behavior in various situations is different. Therefore, traits are not a good predictor of behaviors.
|
|
|
Asch’s conformity experiments
|
used suggestibility (adjusting our behavior thinking toward some group standard)
|
|
|
External locus of control
|
refers to the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate
|
|
|
Normative social influence
|
influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid rejection
|
|
|
Internal locus of control
|
refers to the perception that we can control our own fate
|
|
|
Informational social influence
|
the group may provide valuable information, but stubborn people will never listen to others
|
|
|
Def. of social psychology
|
scientifically studies how people think about, influence and relate to one another
|
|
|
Milgram’s obedience studies
|
investigates the effects of authority on obedience
|
|
|
Fundamental attribution error
|
our tendency to underestimate the impact of situational influences, and to overestimate the impact of personal dispositions in explaining the behavior of others
|
|
|
Social facilitation
|
refers to improved performance on tasks in the presence of others
|
|
|
Attribution theory
|
how people explain others’ behavior
|
|
|
Social loafing
|
the tendency of an individual in a group to exert less effort toward attaining a common goal than when tested individually
|
|
|
Attitude
|
belief and feeling that predisposes one to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events
|
|
|
Deindividuation
|
the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situation that foster arousal and anonymity (like mob behavior)
|
|
|
Central route of persuasion
|
involves being persuaded by the arguments or content of the message
|
|
|
Group polarization
|
enhances a group’s prevailing attitudes through a discussion. If a group is likeminded, discussion strengthens its prevailing opinions and attitudes
|
|
|
Groupthink
|
a mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision
|
|
|
Peripheral route of persuasion
|
involves being persuaded in a manner that is not based on the arguments or the message content
|
|
|
Prejudice, stereotype, discrimination
|
prejudgment is unjustifiable, usually negative, attitude toward a group and its members and is often directed towards different cultural ethnic, or gender groups, provides an outlet for anger [emotion] by providing someone to blame. There are three components: beliefs (stereotypes), emotions (hostility, envy, fear), predisposition to act (to discriminate)
|
|
|
Foot in the door phenomenon
|
tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request, to comply later with a large request
|
|
|
Ingroup biases
|
people with whom one shares a common identity have the tendency to favor ones’ own group
|
|
|
Roles
|
|
|
|
Outgroup biases
|
those perceived as being different from one’s ingroup
|
|
|
Cognitive dissonance theory
|
when our attitudes and actions are opposed, we experience tension
|
|
|
Scapegoat theory
|
prejudice provides an outlet for anger [emotion] by providing someone to blame
|
|
|
Conformity
|
adjusting one’s behavior or thinking toward a group standard
|
|
|
Just-world phenomenon
|
the tendency of people to believe the world is just, and that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get
|
|
|
Asch’s conformity experiments
|
used suggestibility (adjusting our behavior thinking toward some group standard)
|
|
|
Frustration aggression principle
|
a principle in which frustration (caused by blocking of an attempt to achieve a desired goal) creates anger, which can generate aggression
|
|
|
Normative social influence
|
influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid rejection
|
|
|
Mere exposure effect
|
repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases their attraction
|
|
|
Informational social influence
|
the group may provide valuable information, but stubborn people will never listen to others
|
|
|
Proximity
|
geographic nearness is a powerful predictor of friendship
|
|
|
Milgram’s obedience studies
|
investigates the effects of authority on obedience
|
|
|
Similarity
|
age, religion, smoking habits, balanced relationships
|
|
|
Social facilitation
|
refers to improved performance on tasks in the presence of others
|
|
|
Passionate love
|
an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship
|
|
|
Social loafing
|
the tendency of an individual in a group to exert less effort toward attaining a common goal than when tested individually
|
|
|
Companionate love
|
a deep, affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined
|
|
|
Deindividuation
|
the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situation that foster arousal and anonymity (like mob behavior)
|
|
|
Self
|
disclosure
|
|
|
Group polarization
|
enhances a group’s prevailing attitudes through a discussion. If a group is likeminded, discussion strengthens its prevailing opinions and attitudes
|
|
|
Altruism
|
an unselfish regard for the welfare of others
|
|
|
Groupthink
|
a mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision
|
|
|
Bystander intervention
|
tendency of any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
|
|
|
Prejudice, stereotype, discrimination
|
prejudgment is unjustifiable, usually negative, attitude toward a group and its members and is often directed towards different cultural ethnic, or gender groups, provides an outlet for anger [emotion] by providing someone to blame. There are three components: beliefs (stereotypes), emotions (hostility, envy, fear), predisposition to act (to discriminate)
|
|
|
Ingroup biases
|
people with whom one shares a common identity have the tendency to favor ones’ own group
|
|
|
Syntax
|
words
|
|
|
Outgroup biases
|
those perceived as being different from one’s ingroup
|
|
|
Semantics
|
meaning of the words
|
|
|
Babbling
|
beginning at four months the infant spontaneously utters various sounds, like ah-goo and is not an imitation of adult speech
|
|
|
Scapegoat theory
|
prejudice provides an outlet for anger [emotion] by providing someone to blame
|
|
|
Just-world phenomenon
|
the tendency of people to believe the world is just, and that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get
|
|
|
Telegraphic speech
|
two-word stage, before the 2nd year, a child starts to speak in two word sentences, because of this the child speaks like a telegraph
|
|
|
Language acquisition device – Chomsky
|
Chomsky opposed Skinner’s ideas and suggested that the rate of language acquisition is so fast that it cannot be explained through learning principles and thus most of it is inborn (inborn universal grammar)
|
|
|
Frustration aggression principle
|
a principle in which frustration (caused by blocking of an attempt to achieve a desired goal) creates anger, which can generate aggression
|
|
|
Mere exposure effect
|
repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases their attraction
|
|
|
G factor – general intelligence
|
linked to many clusters that can be analyzed by factor analysis/ a general intelligence that underlies successful performance on a wide variety of tasks
|
|
|
Proximity
|
geographic nearness is a powerful predictor of friendship
|
|
|
Definition of intelligence
|
(in all cultures) is the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use our knowledge to adapt to new situations
|
|
|
Similarity
|
age, religion, smoking habits, balanced relationships
|
|
|
Sternberg’s three intelligences
|
1. Analytical intelligence: assessed by intelligence tests. 2. Creative Intelligence
|
|
|
Passionate love
|
an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship
|
|
|
Definition of creativity
|
the ability to produce ideas that are both novel and invaluable. It correlates somewhat with intelligence,
|
|
|
Companionate love
|
a deep, affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined
|
|
|
Five components of creativity
|
expertise, imaginative thinking, a venturesome personality, intrinsic motivation, and a creative environment
|
|
|
Self
|
disclosure
|
|
|
Emotional intelligence
|
is the ability to perceive, understand, and use emotions. The test of this measures overall emotional intelligence and its four components: perceive, understand, manage and use.
|
|
|
Altruism
|
an unselfish regard for the welfare of others
|
|
|
Alfred Binet
|
developed the first IQ test
|
|
|
Bystander intervention
|
tendency of any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
|
|
|
Computation of intelligence quotient
|
measure of an individual’s probable performance in school and similar settings. Mental age / actual age x 100 = IQ
|
|
|
Syntax
|
words
|
|
|
Mental age
|
age at which the individual functions
|
|
|
Semantics
|
meaning of the words
|
|
|
Achievement tests
|
measure how much students have already learned, measure current knowledge and skills
|
|
|
Babbling
|
beginning at four months the infant spontaneously utters various sounds, like ah-goo and is not an imitation of adult speech
|
|
|
Aptitude tests
|
measures a student’s ability to learn, predicts how well a student is likely to do in school
|
|
|
Telegraphic speech
|
two-word stage, before the 2nd year, a child starts to speak in two word sentences, because of this the child speaks like a telegraph
|
|
|
Reliability
|
consistency of results, must be repeatable or stable
|
|
|
Language acquisition device – Chomsky
|
Chomsky opposed Skinner’s ideas and suggested that the rate of language acquisition is so fast that it cannot be explained through learning principles and thus most of it is inborn (inborn universal grammar)
|
|
|
Validity
|
degree to which a test measures what it’s supposed to measure/ content: extent a test measures a particular behavior/ predictive: function of a test in predicting a particular behavior or trait
|
|
|
G factor – general intelligence
|
linked to many clusters that can be analyzed by factor analysis/ a general intelligence that underlies successful performance on a wide variety of tasks
|
|
|
Definition of personality
|
an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
|
|
|
Definition of intelligence
|
(in all cultures) is the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use our knowledge to adapt to new situations
|
|
|
Free association
|
asking patients to say whatever came to their minds (chain of thoughts) in order to tap the unconscious mind
|
|
|
Sternberg’s three intelligences
|
1. Analytical intelligence: assessed by intelligence tests. 2. Creative Intelligence
|
|
|
Psychoanalysis
|
theory of personality and a way of treating mental disorders (interaction of unconscious conflicting forces)
|
|
|
Definition of creativity
|
the ability to produce ideas that are both novel and invaluable. It correlates somewhat with intelligence,
|
|
|
Id
|
unconsciously strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives, operating on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification
|
|
|
Five components of creativity
|
expertise, imaginative thinking, a venturesome personality, intrinsic motivation, and a creative environment
|
|
|
Ego
|
function as the “executive” and mediates the demands of the id and the super ego
|
|
|
Emotional intelligence
|
is the ability to perceive, understand, and use emotions. The test of this measures overall emotional intelligence and its four components: perceive, understand, manage and use.
|
|
|
Superego
|
provides standards for judgment (the conscious) and for future aspirations
|
|
|
Alfred Binet
|
developed the first IQ test
|
|
|
Psychosexual stages
|
oral (pleasure centers on mouth), anal (pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination), phallic (zone in genitals), latency (dormant sexual feelings), genital (maturation of sexual interests)
|
|
|
Computation of intelligence quotient
|
measure of an individual’s probable performance in school and similar settings. Mental age / actual age x 100 = IQ
|
|
|
Defense mechanisms
|
repression, regression, reaction formation, projection, rationalization, and displacement
|
|
|
Mental age
|
age at which the individual functions
|
|
|
TAT
|
thematic apperation test, developed by Henry Murray, is a projective test in which people express the inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
|
|
|
Achievement tests
|
measure how much students have already learned, measure current knowledge and skills
|
|
|
Rorschach ink blots
|
the most widely used projective test uses a set of ten inkblots and was designed by Hermann Rorschach
|
|
|
Aptitude tests
|
measures a student’s ability to learn, predicts how well a student is likely to do in school
|
|
|
Self-actualization
|
Maslow suggested that those who fulfill their potential have satisfied this need
|
|
|
Reliability
|
consistency of results, must be repeatable or stable
|
|
|
Unconditional positive regard
|
an attitude of acceptance of others despite their failings. Carl Rogers also believed in an individual’s self
|
|
|
Validity
|
degree to which a test measures what it’s supposed to measure/ content: extent a test measures a particular behavior/ predictive: function of a test in predicting a particular behavior or trait
|
|
|
Traits
|
characteristic patterns of behavior and conscious motives
|
|
|
Definition of personality
|
an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
|
|
|
Introversion
|
more self conscience and to ones self
|
|
|
Free association
|
asking patients to say whatever came to their minds (chain of thoughts) in order to tap the unconscious mind
|
|
|
Extroversion
|
more sociable and outgoing
|
|
|
Psychoanalysis
|
theory of personality and a way of treating mental disorders (interaction of unconscious conflicting forces)
|
|
|
MMPI
|
the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory is the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. It was originally developed to identify emotional disorders.
|
|
|
Id
|
unconsciously strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives, operating on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification
|
|
|
The person/situation controversy
|
Walter Mischel points out that traits may be enduring, but the resulting behavior in various situations is different. Therefore, traits are not a good predictor of behaviors.
|
|
|
Ego
|
function as the “executive” and mediates the demands of the id and the super ego
|
|
|
External locus of control
|
refers to the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate
|
|
|
Internal locus of control
|
refers to the perception that we can control our own fate
|
|
|
Superego
|
provides standards for judgment (the conscious) and for future aspirations
|
|
|
Def. of social psychology
|
scientifically studies how people think about, influence and relate to one another
|
|
|
Psychosexual stages
|
oral (pleasure centers on mouth), anal (pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination), phallic (zone in genitals), latency (dormant sexual feelings), genital (maturation of sexual interests)
|
|
|
Fundamental attribution error
|
our tendency to underestimate the impact of situational influences, and to overestimate the impact of personal dispositions in explaining the behavior of others
|
|
|
Defense mechanisms
|
repression, regression, reaction formation, projection, rationalization, and displacement
|
|
|
Attribution theory
|
how people explain others’ behavior
|
|
|
TAT
|
thematic apperation test, developed by Henry Murray, is a projective test in which people express the inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
|
|
|
Attitude
|
belief and feeling that predisposes one to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events
|
|
|
Rorschach ink blots
|
the most widely used projective test uses a set of ten inkblots and was designed by Hermann Rorschach
|
|
|
Central route of persuasion
|
involves being persuaded by the arguments or content of the message
|
|
|
Self-actualization
|
Maslow suggested that those who fulfill their potential have satisfied this need
|
|
|
Peripheral route of persuasion
|
involves being persuaded in a manner that is not based on the arguments or the message content
|
|
|
Unconditional positive regard
|
an attitude of acceptance of others despite their failings. Carl Rogers also believed in an individual’s self
|
|
|
Foot in the door phenomenon
|
tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request, to comply later with a large request
|
|
|
Traits
|
characteristic patterns of behavior and conscious motives
|
|
|
Roles
|
|
|
|
Introversion
|
more self conscience and to ones self
|
|
|
Cognitive dissonance theory
|
when our attitudes and actions are opposed, we experience tension
|
|
|
Extroversion
|
more sociable and outgoing
|
|
|
Conformity
|
adjusting one’s behavior or thinking toward a group standard
|
|
|
MMPI
|
the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory is the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. It was originally developed to identify emotional disorders.
|
|
|
Asch’s conformity experiments
|
used suggestibility (adjusting our behavior thinking toward some group standard)
|
|
|
The person/situation controversy
|
Walter Mischel points out that traits may be enduring, but the resulting behavior in various situations is different. Therefore, traits are not a good predictor of behaviors.
|
|
|
Normative social influence
|
influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid rejection
|
|
|
External locus of control
|
refers to the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate
|
|
|
Informational social influence
|
the group may provide valuable information, but stubborn people will never listen to others
|
|
|
Internal locus of control
|
refers to the perception that we can control our own fate
|
|
|
Milgram’s obedience studies
|
investigates the effects of authority on obedience
|
|
|
Def. of social psychology
|
scientifically studies how people think about, influence and relate to one another
|
|
|
Social facilitation
|
refers to improved performance on tasks in the presence of others
|
|
|
Fundamental attribution error
|
our tendency to underestimate the impact of situational influences, and to overestimate the impact of personal dispositions in explaining the behavior of others
|
|
|
Social loafing
|
the tendency of an individual in a group to exert less effort toward attaining a common goal than when tested individually
|
|
|
Attribution theory
|
how people explain others’ behavior
|
|
|
Deindividuation
|
the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situation that foster arousal and anonymity (like mob behavior)
|
|
|
Attitude
|
belief and feeling that predisposes one to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events
|
|
|
Group polarization
|
enhances a group’s prevailing attitudes through a discussion. If a group is likeminded, discussion strengthens its prevailing opinions and attitudes
|
|
|
Central route of persuasion
|
involves being persuaded by the arguments or content of the message
|
|
|
Groupthink
|
a mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision
|
|
|
Peripheral route of persuasion
|
involves being persuaded in a manner that is not based on the arguments or the message content
|
|
|
Prejudice, stereotype, discrimination
|
prejudgment is unjustifiable, usually negative, attitude toward a group and its members and is often directed towards different cultural ethnic, or gender groups, provides an outlet for anger [emotion] by providing someone to blame. There are three components: beliefs (stereotypes), emotions (hostility, envy, fear), predisposition to act (to discriminate)
|
|
|
Foot in the door phenomenon
|
tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request, to comply later with a large request
|
|
|
Ingroup biases
|
people with whom one shares a common identity have the tendency to favor ones’ own group
|
|
|
Roles
|
|
|
|
Outgroup biases
|
those perceived as being different from one’s ingroup
|
|
|
Cognitive dissonance theory
|
when our attitudes and actions are opposed, we experience tension
|
|
|
Scapegoat theory
|
prejudice provides an outlet for anger [emotion] by providing someone to blame
|
|
|
Conformity
|
adjusting one’s behavior or thinking toward a group standard
|
|
|
Just-world phenomenon
|
the tendency of people to believe the world is just, and that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get
|
|
|
Asch’s conformity experiments
|
used suggestibility (adjusting our behavior thinking toward some group standard)
|
|
|
Frustration aggression principle
|
a principle in which frustration (caused by blocking of an attempt to achieve a desired goal) creates anger, which can generate aggression
|
|
|
Normative social influence
|
influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid rejection
|
|
|
Mere exposure effect
|
repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases their attraction
|
|
|
Informational social influence
|
the group may provide valuable information, but stubborn people will never listen to others
|
|
|
Proximity
|
geographic nearness is a powerful predictor of friendship
|
|
|
Milgram’s obedience studies
|
investigates the effects of authority on obedience
|
|
|
Similarity
|
age, religion, smoking habits, balanced relationships
|
|
|
Social facilitation
|
refers to improved performance on tasks in the presence of others
|
|
|
Passionate love
|
an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship
|
|
|
Social loafing
|
the tendency of an individual in a group to exert less effort toward attaining a common goal than when tested individually
|
|
|
Companionate love
|
a deep, affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined
|
|
|
Deindividuation
|
the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situation that foster arousal and anonymity (like mob behavior)
|
|
|
Self
|
disclosure
|
|
|
Group polarization
|
enhances a group’s prevailing attitudes through a discussion. If a group is likeminded, discussion strengthens its prevailing opinions and attitudes
|
|
|
Altruism
|
an unselfish regard for the welfare of others
|
|
|
Groupthink
|
a mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision
|
|
|
Bystander intervention
|
tendency of any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
|
|
|
Prejudice, stereotype, discrimination
|
prejudgment is unjustifiable, usually negative, attitude toward a group and its members and is often directed towards different cultural ethnic, or gender groups, provides an outlet for anger [emotion] by providing someone to blame. There are three components: beliefs (stereotypes), emotions (hostility, envy, fear), predisposition to act (to discriminate)
|
|
|
Syntax
|
words
|
|
|
Ingroup biases
|
people with whom one shares a common identity have the tendency to favor ones’ own group
|
|
|
Semantics
|
meaning of the words
|
|
|
Outgroup biases
|
those perceived as being different from one’s ingroup
|
|
|
Babbling
|
beginning at four months the infant spontaneously utters various sounds, like ah-goo and is not an imitation of adult speech
|
|
|
Scapegoat theory
|
prejudice provides an outlet for anger [emotion] by providing someone to blame
|
|
|
Telegraphic speech
|
two-word stage, before the 2nd year, a child starts to speak in two word sentences, because of this the child speaks like a telegraph
|
|
|
Just-world phenomenon
|
the tendency of people to believe the world is just, and that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get
|
|
|
Language acquisition device – Chomsky
|
Chomsky opposed Skinner’s ideas and suggested that the rate of language acquisition is so fast that it cannot be explained through learning principles and thus most of it is inborn (inborn universal grammar)
|
|
|
Frustration aggression principle
|
a principle in which frustration (caused by blocking of an attempt to achieve a desired goal) creates anger, which can generate aggression
|
|
|
G factor – general intelligence
|
linked to many clusters that can be analyzed by factor analysis/ a general intelligence that underlies successful performance on a wide variety of tasks
|
|
|
Mere exposure effect
|
repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases their attraction
|
|
|
Definition of intelligence
|
(in all cultures) is the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use our knowledge to adapt to new situations
|
|
|
Proximity
|
geographic nearness is a powerful predictor of friendship
|
|
|
Sternberg’s three intelligences
|
1. Analytical intelligence: assessed by intelligence tests. 2. Creative Intelligence
|
|
|
Similarity
|
age, religion, smoking habits, balanced relationships
|
|
|
Definition of creativity
|
the ability to produce ideas that are both novel and invaluable. It correlates somewhat with intelligence,
|
|
|
Passionate love
|
an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship
|
|
|
Five components of creativity
|
expertise, imaginative thinking, a venturesome personality, intrinsic motivation, and a creative environment
|
|
|
Companionate love
|
a deep, affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined
|
|
|
Emotional intelligence
|
is the ability to perceive, understand, and use emotions. The test of this measures overall emotional intelligence and its four components: perceive, understand, manage and use.
|
|
|
Self
|
disclosure
|
|
|
Alfred Binet
|
developed the first IQ test
|
|
|
Altruism
|
an unselfish regard for the welfare of others
|
|
|
Computation of intelligence quotient
|
measure of an individual’s probable performance in school and similar settings. Mental age / actual age x 100 = IQ
|
|
|
Bystander intervention
|
tendency of any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
|
|
|
Mental age
|
age at which the individual functions
|
|
|
Syntax
|
words
|
|
|
Achievement tests
|
measure how much students have already learned, measure current knowledge and skills
|
|
|
Semantics
|
meaning of the words
|
|
|
Aptitude tests
|
measures a student’s ability to learn, predicts how well a student is likely to do in school
|
|
|
Babbling
|
beginning at four months the infant spontaneously utters various sounds, like ah-goo and is not an imitation of adult speech
|
|
|
Reliability
|
consistency of results, must be repeatable or stable
|
|
|
Telegraphic speech
|
two-word stage, before the 2nd year, a child starts to speak in two word sentences, because of this the child speaks like a telegraph
|
|
|
Validity
|
degree to which a test measures what it’s supposed to measure/ content: extent a test measures a particular behavior/ predictive: function of a test in predicting a particular behavior or trait
|
|
|
Language acquisition device – Chomsky
|
Chomsky opposed Skinner’s ideas and suggested that the rate of language acquisition is so fast that it cannot be explained through learning principles and thus most of it is inborn (inborn universal grammar)
|
|
|
Definition of personality
|
an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
|
|
|
G factor – general intelligence
|
linked to many clusters that can be analyzed by factor analysis/ a general intelligence that underlies successful performance on a wide variety of tasks
|
|
|
Free association
|
asking patients to say whatever came to their minds (chain of thoughts) in order to tap the unconscious mind
|
|
|
Definition of intelligence
|
(in all cultures) is the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use our knowledge to adapt to new situations
|
|
|
Psychoanalysis
|
theory of personality and a way of treating mental disorders (interaction of unconscious conflicting forces)
|
|
|
Sternberg’s three intelligences
|
1. Analytical intelligence: assessed by intelligence tests. 2. Creative Intelligence
|
|
|
Id
|
unconsciously strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives, operating on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification
|
|
|
Definition of creativity
|
the ability to produce ideas that are both novel and invaluable. It correlates somewhat with intelligence,
|
|
|
Ego
|
function as the “executive” and mediates the demands of the id and the super ego
|
|
|
Five components of creativity
|
expertise, imaginative thinking, a venturesome personality, intrinsic motivation, and a creative environment
|
|
|
Superego
|
provides standards for judgment (the conscious) and for future aspirations
|
|
|
Emotional intelligence
|
is the ability to perceive, understand, and use emotions. The test of this measures overall emotional intelligence and its four components: perceive, understand, manage and use.
|
|
|
Psychosexual stages
|
oral (pleasure centers on mouth), anal (pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination), phallic (zone in genitals), latency (dormant sexual feelings), genital (maturation of sexual interests)
|
|
|
Alfred Binet
|
developed the first IQ test
|
|
|
Defense mechanisms
|
repression, regression, reaction formation, projection, rationalization, and displacement
|
|
|
Computation of intelligence quotient
|
measure of an individual’s probable performance in school and similar settings. Mental age / actual age x 100 = IQ
|
|
|
TAT
|
thematic apperation test, developed by Henry Murray, is a projective test in which people express the inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
|
|
|
Mental age
|
age at which the individual functions
|
|
|
Rorschach ink blots
|
the most widely used projective test uses a set of ten inkblots and was designed by Hermann Rorschach
|
|
|
Achievement tests
|
measure how much students have already learned, measure current knowledge and skills
|
|
|
Self-actualization
|
Maslow suggested that those who fulfill their potential have satisfied this need
|
|
|
Aptitude tests
|
measures a student’s ability to learn, predicts how well a student is likely to do in school
|
|
|
Unconditional positive regard
|
an attitude of acceptance of others despite their failings. Carl Rogers also believed in an individual’s self
|
|
|
Reliability
|
consistency of results, must be repeatable or stable
|
|
|
Traits
|
characteristic patterns of behavior and conscious motives
|
|
|
Validity
|
degree to which a test measures what it’s supposed to measure/ content: extent a test measures a particular behavior/ predictive: function of a test in predicting a particular behavior or trait
|
|
|
Introversion
|
more self conscience and to ones self
|
|
|
Definition of personality
|
an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
|
|
|
Extroversion
|
more sociable and outgoing
|
|
|
Free association
|
asking patients to say whatever came to their minds (chain of thoughts) in order to tap the unconscious mind
|
|
|
MMPI
|
the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory is the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. It was originally developed to identify emotional disorders.
|
|
|
Psychoanalysis
|
theory of personality and a way of treating mental disorders (interaction of unconscious conflicting forces)
|
|
|
The person/situation controversy
|
Walter Mischel points out that traits may be enduring, but the resulting behavior in various situations is different. Therefore, traits are not a good predictor of behaviors.
|
|
|
Id
|
unconsciously strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives, operating on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification
|
|
|
External locus of control
|
refers to the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate
|
|
|
Ego
|
function as the “executive” and mediates the demands of the id and the super ego
|
|
|
Internal locus of control
|
refers to the perception that we can control our own fate
|
|
|
Superego
|
provides standards for judgment (the conscious) and for future aspirations
|
|
|
Def. of social psychology
|
scientifically studies how people think about, influence and relate to one another
|
|
|
Psychosexual stages
|
oral (pleasure centers on mouth), anal (pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination), phallic (zone in genitals), latency (dormant sexual feelings), genital (maturation of sexual interests)
|
|
|
Fundamental attribution error
|
our tendency to underestimate the impact of situational influences, and to overestimate the impact of personal dispositions in explaining the behavior of others
|
|
|
Defense mechanisms
|
repression, regression, reaction formation, projection, rationalization, and displacement
|
|
|
Attribution theory
|
how people explain others’ behavior
|
|
|
TAT
|
thematic apperation test, developed by Henry Murray, is a projective test in which people express the inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
|
|
|
Attitude
|
belief and feeling that predisposes one to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events
|
|
|
Rorschach ink blots
|
the most widely used projective test uses a set of ten inkblots and was designed by Hermann Rorschach
|
|
|
Central route of persuasion
|
involves being persuaded by the arguments or content of the message
|
|
|
Self-actualization
|
Maslow suggested that those who fulfill their potential have satisfied this need
|
|
|
Peripheral route of persuasion
|
involves being persuaded in a manner that is not based on the arguments or the message content
|
|
|
Unconditional positive regard
|
an attitude of acceptance of others despite their failings. Carl Rogers also believed in an individual’s self
|
|
|
Foot in the door phenomenon
|
tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request, to comply later with a large request
|
|
|
Traits
|
characteristic patterns of behavior and conscious motives
|
|
|
Roles
|
|
|
|
Introversion
|
more self conscience and to ones self
|
|
|
Cognitive dissonance theory
|
when our attitudes and actions are opposed, we experience tension
|
|
|
Extroversion
|
more sociable and outgoing
|
|
|
Conformity
|
adjusting one’s behavior or thinking toward a group standard
|
|
|
MMPI
|
the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory is the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. It was originally developed to identify emotional disorders.
|
|
|
The person/situation controversy
|
Walter Mischel points out that traits may be enduring, but the resulting behavior in various situations is different. Therefore, traits are not a good predictor of behaviors.
|
|
|
Asch’s conformity experiments
|
used suggestibility (adjusting our behavior thinking toward some group standard)
|
|
|
External locus of control
|
refers to the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate
|
|
|
Normative social influence
|
influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid rejection
|
|
|
Internal locus of control
|
refers to the perception that we can control our own fate
|
|
|
Informational social influence
|
the group may provide valuable information, but stubborn people will never listen to others
|
|
|
Def. of social psychology
|
scientifically studies how people think about, influence and relate to one another
|
|
|
Milgram’s obedience studies
|
investigates the effects of authority on obedience
|
|
|
Fundamental attribution error
|
our tendency to underestimate the impact of situational influences, and to overestimate the impact of personal dispositions in explaining the behavior of others
|
|
|
Social facilitation
|
refers to improved performance on tasks in the presence of others
|
|
|
Attribution theory
|
how people explain others’ behavior
|
|
|
Social loafing
|
the tendency of an individual in a group to exert less effort toward attaining a common goal than when tested individually
|
|
|
Attitude
|
belief and feeling that predisposes one to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events
|
|
|
Deindividuation
|
the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situation that foster arousal and anonymity (like mob behavior)
|
|
|
Central route of persuasion
|
involves being persuaded by the arguments or content of the message
|
|
|
Group polarization
|
enhances a group’s prevailing attitudes through a discussion. If a group is likeminded, discussion strengthens its prevailing opinions and attitudes
|
|
|
Peripheral route of persuasion
|
involves being persuaded in a manner that is not based on the arguments or the message content
|
|
|
Groupthink
|
a mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision
|
|
|
Foot in the door phenomenon
|
tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request, to comply later with a large request
|
|
|
Prejudice, stereotype, discrimination
|
prejudgment is unjustifiable, usually negative, attitude toward a group and its members and is often directed towards different cultural ethnic, or gender groups, provides an outlet for anger [emotion] by providing someone to blame. There are three components: beliefs (stereotypes), emotions (hostility, envy, fear), predisposition to act (to discriminate)
|
|
|
Roles
|
|
|
|
Ingroup biases
|
people with whom one shares a common identity have the tendency to favor ones’ own group
|
|
|
Cognitive dissonance theory
|
when our attitudes and actions are opposed, we experience tension
|
|
|
Outgroup biases
|
those perceived as being different from one’s ingroup
|
|
|
Conformity
|
adjusting one’s behavior or thinking toward a group standard
|
|
|
Scapegoat theory
|
prejudice provides an outlet for anger [emotion] by providing someone to blame
|
|
|
Asch’s conformity experiments
|
used suggestibility (adjusting our behavior thinking toward some group standard)
|
|
|
Just-world phenomenon
|
the tendency of people to believe the world is just, and that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get
|
|
|
Normative social influence
|
influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid rejection
|
|
|
Frustration aggression principle
|
a principle in which frustration (caused by blocking of an attempt to achieve a desired goal) creates anger, which can generate aggression
|
|
|
Informational social influence
|
the group may provide valuable information, but stubborn people will never listen to others
|
|
|
Mere exposure effect
|
repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases their attraction
|
|
|
Milgram’s obedience studies
|
investigates the effects of authority on obedience
|
|
|
Proximity
|
geographic nearness is a powerful predictor of friendship
|
|
|
Social facilitation
|
refers to improved performance on tasks in the presence of others
|
|
|
Similarity
|
age, religion, smoking habits, balanced relationships
|
|
|
Social loafing
|
the tendency of an individual in a group to exert less effort toward attaining a common goal than when tested individually
|
|
|
Passionate love
|
an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship
|
|
|
Deindividuation
|
the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situation that foster arousal and anonymity (like mob behavior)
|
|
|
Companionate love
|
a deep, affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined
|
|
|
Group polarization
|
enhances a group’s prevailing attitudes through a discussion. If a group is likeminded, discussion strengthens its prevailing opinions and attitudes
|
|
|
Self
|
disclosure
|
|
|
Groupthink
|
a mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision
|
|
|
Altruism
|
an unselfish regard for the welfare of others
|
|
|
Prejudice, stereotype, discrimination
|
prejudgment is unjustifiable, usually negative, attitude toward a group and its members and is often directed towards different cultural ethnic, or gender groups, provides an outlet for anger [emotion] by providing someone to blame. There are three components: beliefs (stereotypes), emotions (hostility, envy, fear), predisposition to act (to discriminate)
|
|
|
Bystander intervention
|
tendency of any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
|
|
|
Ingroup biases
|
people with whom one shares a common identity have the tendency to favor ones’ own group
|
|
|
Outgroup biases
|
those perceived as being different from one’s ingroup
|
|
|
Scapegoat theory
|
prejudice provides an outlet for anger [emotion] by providing someone to blame
|
|
|
Just-world phenomenon
|
the tendency of people to believe the world is just, and that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get
|
|
|
Frustration aggression principle
|
a principle in which frustration (caused by blocking of an attempt to achieve a desired goal) creates anger, which can generate aggression
|
|
|
Mere exposure effect
|
repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases their attraction
|
|
|
Proximity
|
geographic nearness is a powerful predictor of friendship
|
|
|
Similarity
|
age, religion, smoking habits, balanced relationships
|
|
|
Passionate love
|
an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship
|
|
|
Companionate love
|
a deep, affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined
|
|
|
Self
|
disclosure
|
|
|
Altruism
|
an unselfish regard for the welfare of others
|
|
|
Bystander intervention
|
tendency of any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
|
