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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Spearman's G-factor intelligence theory |
Charles spearman saw intelligence as two different abilities: the ability to reason/solve problems was the g-factor (for general intelligence) and task-specific problems like music, business and art were the s-factor (specific intelligence). Other researchers felt that he oversimplified intelligence
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Gardner's multiple intelligence theory
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Howard Gardner believes that reason, logic and knowledge are different aspects of intelligence. He has 9 types of intelligence
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Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
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Robert Sternberg's theory includes analytical, creative and practical intelligence
Analytical intelligence - ability to analyze problems (academics) Creative intelligence - ability to deal with new/different concepts and to come up with new ways of solving problems Practical intelligence - street smarts |
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What does IQ stand for an how is it calculated?
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IQ stands for intelligence quotient. It compares both mental age and chronological age (number of years since birth); to get IQ, you divide the mental age by the chronological age and multiply by 100
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What is the most widely used IQ test?
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David Wechsler developed an IQ test specifically for adults (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-IV)) and children, (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV)) and they are the most popular IQ tests in America. They organize intelligence into 4 scales that provide an overall score of intelligence - verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory, and processing speed
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What is the difference between reliability and validity?
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Reliability of a test refers to the test producing consistent results each time it is given to the same person.
Validity is the degree to which a test actually measures what it's supposed to measure. |
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How is developmental delay or intellectual disability qualified? (Formally called mental retardation)
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1. Deficits in mental abilities (low IQ score)
2. The persons adaptive behavior (skills that allow people to live independently) is severely below a level appropriate for the person's age 3. These limitations begin in the developmental period |
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What % of people fall in the normal IQ range?
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97% fall into the normal range
2% fall into the gifted range 1% fall into the intellectual disability range |
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Differences between fraternal and identical twins
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Identical twins come from 1 fertilized egg and share the same genetic inheritance (any differences in them should be caused by environmental factors)
Fraternal twins come from 2 different eggs, each fertilized by a different sperm, and share only the amount of genetic material as any two siblings would have |
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Criticisms of IQ tests
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Constructing an IQ test is challenging. There are many different definitions of intelligence and multiple ways to assess them.
It's difficult to design tests that are completely free of cultural bias. |
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What are concepts and what do they do?
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Concepts are thoughts or mental schemas - they are a whole idea of something.
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Why is a prototype?
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A prototype is a common example or representation of a specific concept (ie, when someone says "horse", most people think of Quarter horses)
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What is an algorithm?
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Specific step-by-step problem solving method that always results in a correct solution
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What is a heuristic?
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"Rule of thumb" that is an educated guess based on prior experiences that helps narrow down the possible solutions for a problem
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What is creativity?
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Creativity is solving problems by combining ideas or behavior in new ways.
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What is convergent thinking?
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A problem is seen as having only 1 answer and all lines of thinking will eventually lead to (converge on) that single answer by using previous knowledge and logic
BASICCC |
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What is divergent thinking?
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Reverse of convergent thinking; a person starts at one point and comes up with many different (or divergent) ideas or possibilities based on that point
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What is extrinsic motivation?
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A person performs an action because it leads to an outcome that is separate from the person
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What are incentives?
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Things that attract or lure people into action
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What are instincts?
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Theory that all organisms are born with innate biological tendencies that help them survive
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Maslow's Hierachy of needa
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From bottom to top:
1. Physiological needs (hunger, thirst) 2. Safety needs (feel out of danger) 3. Belongingness/love needs (be accepted and loved) 4. Esteem needs (to achieve, gain approval and recognition) 5. Cognitive needs (to know, understand) 6. Aesthetic needs (appreciate symmetry, beauty) 7. Self-actualization needs (find self-fulfillment) 8. Transcendence needs (find spiritual meaning beyond self) |
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4 reasons we get hungry
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1. The body becomes conditioned to respond with the hunger reflex at certain times of the day
2. People respond to the appeal of food 3. Food can be used in times of stress as a comfort 4. Cultural factors and gender play a part in eating habits |
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What is the James-Lange Theory of Emotion?
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James and Lange believed that the physical arousal led to the labeling of the emotion ("I am afraid because I'm shaking. I'm embarrassed because my face is red. I am in love because my heart races when I look at him")
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What is the Yerkes-Dodson Law?
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This law is the relationship between task performance and arousal/stimulus intensity (HP/LP/HN/LN)
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What is the adaption level theory of long term happiness?
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States that humans maintain about the same level of happiness their entire lives
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What is the main "feel good" neurotransmitter?
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The amygdaloid is associated with emotions such as fear and pleasure in both humans and animals
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What is grammar?
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The system of rules governing the structure and use of language
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What is a morpheme?
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Smallest units of meaning within a language (ie, playing consists of two morphemes, play and ing)
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Who is Noam Chomsky?
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A famed linguist that claimed humans have an innate ability to understand and produce language through a device he calls the language acquisition device, or LAD. LAD is an innate "program" that contained a schema for human language
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What is the difference between deep and surface structure?
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Surface structure is HOW the sentence is set up. Deep structure is what the sentence actually MEANS.
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What is the order of language acquisition in babies?
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1. Cooing (vowel-like sounds)
2. Babbling (add consonant sounds to the vowel sounds) 3. One word speech (holo phrases - whole phrases in one word. (ie "milk!" Means "I want some milk!")) 4. Telegraphic speech (formation of short, simple sentences. (ie "baby eat", "mommy go")) 5. Whole sentences |
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Is baby talk useful? Why is it used?
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The development of language is a very important milestone in the cognitive development of a child because language allows children to think in words rather than just images, to ask questions, to communicate their needs and wants to others, and to form concepts. Language development in infancy by the language they hear, a style of speaking known as child directed speech (the way adults talk to babies) with higher pitches and sing-song patterns |
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What is the theory of linguistic relativity?
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The thought processes and concepts are controlled by (relative to) language. That is, words people use determine much of the way in which they think about the world around them
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Is baby talk useful? Why is it used?
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The development of language is a very important milestone in the cognitive development of a child because language allows children to think in words rather than just images, to ask questions, to communicate their needs and wants to others, and to form concepts. Language development in infancy by the language they hear, a style of speaking known as child directed speech (the way adults talk to babies) with higher pitches and sing-song patterns
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Intrinsic vs. extrinsic motivation
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Intrinsic motivation - type of motivation in which a person performs an action because the act itself is fun, rewarding, challenging, or satisfying in some internal manner
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Describe Piaget's concept of "object permanence"
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Object permanence is the knowledge that an object exists even when it is not in sight (peek-a-boo!)
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What are assimilation and accommodation?
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Assimilation - the process of takin in new info and adding it to pre-existing info
Accommodation - the process of changing pre-determined schemas or ideas due to a new experience |
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What are the 3 types of temperament?
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1. Easy 2. Difficult 3. Slow to warm up
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Erikson's stages of Psychosocial development
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1. Infant (birth to 1 year) - Trust vs. Mistrust. infants learn a basic sense of trust dependent upon how their needs are met
2. Toddler (1 to 3 years) - Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt. toddlers begin to understand that they can control their own actions. 3. Preschool age (3 to 5 years) Initiative vs. Guilt. children learn to take responsibility for their actions as they develop self control 4. Elementary school age (5 to 12 years) Industry vs. Inferiority. children learn new social and academic skills. They begin comparing themselves to other to measure success or failure. 5. Adolescence (13 to early 20s) Identity vs. Role Confusion. adolescents must decide who they are, what they believe, and who they want to be as an adult 6. Early Adulthood (20s and 30s) Intimacy vs. Isolation. young adults face the task of finding a person with whom they can share their identity in a close relationship 7. Middle Adulthood (40s and 50s) Generativity vs. Stagnation. the focus of this task is to find a way to be a creative, productive person who is nurturing the next generation 8. Late Adulthood (60s and beyond) Ego Integrity vs. Despair. the task in this stage involves coming to terms with the end of life, reaching a sense of wholeness and acceptance of life as it has been |
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Nature vs. nurture
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Nature - refers to heredity, the influence oh inherited characteristics on personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interaction |
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1st stage of prenatal development |
1. Germinal period - 2 weeks. Once fertilization has taken place, the zygote begins dividing and moving down the to uterus. The mass of cells firmly attaches itself to the wall of the uterus. The placenta and umbilical cord begin to form. Cells begin to develop into specialized cells (except stem cells which stay in an immature state until needed to produce more cells)
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What are teratogens?
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Any substance such as a drug, chemical, virus, or other factor that can cause a birth defect
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What is maturation?
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The process of learning to react to situations in an appropriate way
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What is the correct sequence of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?
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1. sensorimotor (birth to 2 years) - children explore the world using their senses and ability to move 2. preoperational (2 to 7 years old) - children can mentally represent and refer to objects and events with words or pictures 3. concrete operations (7 to 12 years old) - children are able to conserve, reverse their thinking, and classify objects in terms of their many characteristics 4. formal operations (12 years old to adulthood) - people at this stage can use abstract reasoning about hypothetical events or situations, think about logical possibilities, use abstract analogies, and systematically examine and test hypothesis |
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Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning sum
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1. Preconventional morality (very young children) - morality of an action is based on the consequences; actions that get rewarded are right and those that earn punishment are wrong 2. Conventional morality (older children, adolescents, and most adults) - An action is morally right if it conforms to the rules of the society and wrong if it doesn't 3. postconventional morality (about 1/5th of the population) - Morality is now determined by the experiences and judgment of the person, even if that judgment disagrees with society's rules |
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Baumrind's 3 parenting styles
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Authoritarian parenting - overly concerned with rules. Stern, rigid, controlling and uncompromising, demands perfection and has a tendency to use physical punishment. Children raised in this way are often insecure, timid, withdrawn, and resentful.
Permissive parenting - occurs when parents put very few demands on their children for behavior. Permissive parenting parents simply aren't involved with their children, ignoring them and allowing them to do whatever they want, until it interferes with what the parent wants. Permissive indulgent parents seem to be too involved with their children, allowing their "little angels" to behave in any way they wish. Children from both kinds of permissive parenting tend to be selfish, immature, dependent, lacking social skills, and unpopular with peers
Authoritative parenting - involves combining firm limits on behavior with love, warmth, affection, respect and a willingness to listen to the child's point of view. Children raised in this style of parenting tend to be self-reliant and independent. |
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2nd stage of prenatal development |
Embryonic period - 6 weeks. Once attached to the uterus, the developing organism is called an embryo. The cells will continue to specialize and become the various organs. As soon as the embryo begins to receive nourishment from the mother, it enters critical periods, times during which some environmental influences can have an impact (often devastating) on the development of the infant. |
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3rd stage of prenatal development |
Fetal period - from after 8 weeks to birth. The fetal period is a period of tremendous growth where the developing organism is now referred to as a fetus. The fetus increases by about 20 times and weighs a little over 7 pounds at birth. Most babies are born between 38 and 40 weeks. |
