Psychology Exam 2 -- Part 1

Front 1

Sensation is the process by which we _____ and _______ stimulus energy from our environment.

Back 1

receive; represent

Front 2

Perception is the process by which sensation are __________ and _________.

Back 2

organizing; interpreting

Front 3

Sensory analysis which begins with sensory receptors and works up

Back 3

bottom-up

Front 4

perceptual analysis which is guided by higher level processes such as experiences and expectations

Back 4

top-down

Front 5

Perceptual set is a __________ _____________ to perceive one thing and not another.

Back 5

mental predisposition

Front 6

Sensory adaption is a diminished sensitivity due to ___________ ______________.

Back 6

constant stimulation

Front 7

________ and __________ refers to organization of a visual field into objects that stand out from their surrounding.

Back 7

figure; ground

Front 8

the presentation of a desired stimulus

Back 8

positive reinforcement

Front 9

the presentation of an aversive stimulus

Back 9

punishment

Front 10

the removal of an aversive stimulus

Back 10

negative reinforcement

Front 11

reinforcing closer and closer approximations of a behavior

Back 11

shaping

Front 12

initial learning of an association

Back 12

acquisition

Front 13

diminishing of a conditioned response

Back 13

extinction

Front 14

tendency for stimuli similar to the conditioned response to elicit a similar response

Back 14

generalization

Front 15

Short-term memory last approximately ____ seconds.

Back 15

30 seconds

Front 16

Organizing items into manageable units

Back 16

chunking

Front 17

Recalling memory involves _____________ information learned earlier, while recognition memory involves _________ information learned earlier.

Back 17

remembering; identifying

Front 18

Improved recall when tested in the same location where the information was learned is called ____________ _____________ memory.

Back 18

context-dependent

Front 19

spacing study over a long period of time

Back 19

distributed practice

Front 20

Serial position effect refers to recall best items learned _________ and _________.

Back 20

first; last

Front 21

A memory aid, like using vivid imagery

Back 21

mnemonics

Front 22

Activation of associations in memory

Back 22

priming

Front 23

Incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event

Back 23

misinformation effect

Front 24

Brain parts involved in memory: _________ lobes, basal __________, hippo________, cere_____, and amy________.

Back 24

frontal lobes, basal ganglia, hippocampus, cerebellum, and amygdalia

Front 25

smallest distinctive sound unit

Back 25

phoneme

Front 26

smallest sound unit that carries meaning

Back 26

morphene

Front 27

system of rules that enable communication

Back 27

grammar

Front 28

"Babbling" begins around age ________ months.

Back 28

4 months

Front 29

Two-word stage of language development begins around age ______ years.

Back 29

2 years

Front 30

Childhood is a __________ period for language development.

Back 30

critical

Front 31

Receptive language refers to the ability to ___________.

Back 31

understand what is said

Front 32

Productive language refers to the ability to _____________.

Back 32

produce words

Front 33

A simple thinking strategy prone to error

Back 33

heuristics

Front 34

A step-by-step problem solving method

Back 34

algorithms

Front 35

______________ tests measure what has been learned; _____________ tests measures potential for learning.

Back 35

Achievement; Aptitude

Front 36

______________ intelligence refers to ability to reason speedily and abstractly

Back 36

crystalized

Front 37

____________ intelligence refers to accumulated knowledge.

Back 37

fluid

Front 38

______________ is a complex, not learned behavior pattern in a species.

Back 38

instinct

Front 39

Motivation is a need or desire that _________ or ____________ behavior.

Back 39

energizes; directs

Front 40

The tendency to maintain a steady internal state is called ____________.

Back 40

homeostasis

Front 41

_________ is determined by a body mass index above 30.

Back 41

Obesity

Front 42

"weight thermostat" influenced by hereditary called ________ _______.

Back 42

set point

Front 43

__________ __________ law is principle that performance increases with optimal arousal.

Back 43

Yerkes-Dodson Law

Front 44

List the ten basic emotions:

Back 44

Joy, interest, excitement, surprise, sadness, anger, disgust, contempt, fear, shame, guilt

Front 45

What is Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, ranking from 1-6?

Back 45

1. physiological needs

2. safety needs

3. belongingness & love needs

4. esteem needs

5. self-actualization

6. self-transcendance needs

Front 46

Psychologist who developed the IQ quotient

Back 46

Stern

Front 47

Psychologist who Created hierarchy of needs

Back 47

Maslow

Front 48

Psychologist who developed the current, most widely used intelligence test

Back 48

Wechsler

Front 49

Psychologist who developed concept of observational learning

Back 49

Bandora

Front 50

Psychologist who discovered classical conditioning through work with dogs

Back 50

Pavlov

Front 51

The psychologist who Extended classical conditioning to human behavior

Back 51

Watson

Front 52

The psychologist who discovered operant conditioning

Back 52

Skinner