Psychology Exam 2

Front 1

John Watson (Father of what? What is learning? What system did he develop for conditioning?)

Back 1

-The Father of behaviorism

-Learning is the formation of an association

-Stimulus-response-reward

Front 2

Karl Lashley (Father of what? Searched for what?)

Back 2

-Father of psychophysiology

-Searched for Watson's "association" and called it an "engram"

Front 3

What are the three exceptions to the idea that learning is a gradual process?

Back 3

Imprinting, taste aversion, and flashbulb memory

Front 4

________'s research was done on human subjects that were awake with part of their brain exposed. By running electric currents through specific regions of the brain, subjects were able to recall memories they though they had forgotten.

Back 4

Wilder Penfield

Front 5

What is said to be the cause of infantile amnesia?

Back 5

A tremendous amount of morphological changes in the brain which obliterates memories

Front 6

What is the capacity and longevity of long term memory?

Back 6

LTM is said to last for life, and capacity is believed to increase with use

Front 7

Define Encoding Failure

Back 7

An error with the recording of information

Front 8

Define Storage Failure

Back 8

The information cannot be retrieved because it is not emotional or meaningful enough

Front 9

What is the cause of overlearning?

Back 9

When an action is performed too many times, distractors can come into play and degrade performance over time.

Front 10

What is an Interference Factor?

Back 10

Stored or newly processed information which affects the recalling of information.

Front 11

What are the two types of Interference?

Back 11

1. Retroactive interference

2. Proactive interference

Front 12

What is Retroactive Interference?

Back 12

A type of memory-recall interference in which new information hinders the ability of an individual to recall stored information.

Front 13

What is Proactive Interference?

Back 13

A memory-recall interference type in which stored memories inhibit an individual's ability to store new information.

Front 14

What is the main difference between Proactive and Retroactive interference?

Back 14

Proactive interference inhibits the storage of new information, which Retroactive interference inhibits the recollection of stored information.

Front 15

In the experiment used to determine the effect of Retroactive Interference, which group recalled list A more accurately? The group that also had to memorize list B, or the control group which did not have to memorize list B?

Back 15

The control group performed better on the recall test since memorizing list B (new information) affected the experimental group's memory recollection of list A (old information).

Front 16

In the experiment used to determine the effect of Proactive Interference, which group recalled list B more accurately? The experimental group which also had to memorize list A, or the control group which only had to memorize list B?

Back 16

The control group performed better since the memorization of list A (old information) affected the experimental groups memory recollection of list B (new information).

Front 17

How does the Primacy Effect influence the recollection of memories?

Back 17

The Primacy Effect is the name given to the increased recollection of memories which are presented first in a list. (e.g. "First impressions last the longest")

Front 18

How does the Recency Effect influence the recollection of memories?

Back 18

The Recency Effect is the name given to the increased recollection of memories which are presented last in a list.

Front 19

What is the Serial Position Effect?

Back 19

The combination of the Primacy and Recency effects, in which subjects will most accurately remember the first and last items in a list.

Front 20

In the experiment on retroactive interference in which one group was asked to sleep immediately after studying and the other was asked to read for an hour after studying, then sleep, which group performed better?

Back 20

The group that went to sleep immediately performed better. Since the second group learned information (from reading) after the initial information, it affected their recollection of the older information due to retractive interference.

Front 21

The ____ brain is specialized for verbal memory, and completes tasks related to the recollection of object names, _________, and _________, as well as positive memories.

Back 21

The left brain is specialized for verbal memory, and completes tasks related to the recollection of object names, logical memory, and verbal paired associates, as well as positive memories.

Front 22

The _____ brain is specialized for nonverbal memory and ______ memories.

Back 22

The right brain is specialized for nonverbal memory and negative memories.

Front 23

In predicting performance score based on electrical activity in the right frontal lobe, researchers could tell that Hi Delta in the left brain resulted in ________, and Hi Delta in the right brain resulted in ________.

Back 23

In predicting performance score based on electrical activity in the right frontal lobe, researchers could tell that Hi Delta in the left brain resulted in poor learning, and Hi Delta in the right brain resulted in nothing, no effect.

Front 24

People who are said to be hostile can only recall what types of emotional information?

Back 24

Hostile people can only remember negative information, not neutral or positive information.

Front 25

What is Reintegrative memory?

Back 25

Memory which is pieced together bit by bit.

Front 26

What are four problems associated with ​reintegrative memories?

Back 26

1. It is difficult to study

2. People see what they have learned to see

3. The memory changes with rehearsal

4. Asking leading questions can change the memory

Front 27

What is Semantic Memory?

Back 27

The meaningful classification and organization of memories into subtypes.

Front 28

What is the main difference between the parallel and serial processing of memories?

Back 28

Parallel processing is the concept of searching through many memories at once (faster), which serial searching involves searching through memories one at a time (slower).

Front 29

What are the stages of sleep?

Back 29

-Stage W

-Stage 1

-Stage 2

-Stage 3

-Stage 4

-REM Sleep

Front 30

Alpha waves occur during which stage of sleep?

Back 30

Stage W

Front 31

Sleep spindles occur during which sleep stage?

Back 31

Stage 2

Front 32

Strokes in the medial thalamus will cause what?

Back 32

Stokes in the medial thalamus will cause a loss of deep sleep

Front 33

The first delta waves appear during which sleep stage?

Back 33

The first delta waves appear during stage 3 of sleep

Front 34

More than 50% of Delta wave activity occurs during which sleep stage?

Back 34

More than 50% of Delta wave activity occurs during stage 4 of sleep

Front 35

The most arousal occurs during which sleep stage?

Back 35

REM sleep is high arousal sleep

Front 36

During which stage is one's physiological stage high and irregular?

Back 36

REM sleep

Front 37

Narcolepsy is a disorder characterized by what what?

Back 37

Sleep attacks accompanied by cataplexy and hallucinations are the result of narcolepsy

Front 38

Night terrors occur during which sleep cycle?

Back 38

​Night terrors occur during stage 4 of sleep

Front 39

Define somnambulism

Back 39

Sleepwalking which occurs in deep sleepers, usually during sleep stage 4

Front 40

What is sleep apnea and what is another name for it?

Back 40

sleep apnea is the interruption of breathing during sleep (snoring), also known as pickwickian syndrome

Front 41

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is attributed to what?

Back 41

A week central nervous system in the infant

Front 42

What is bruxism, and what type of disorder is it commonly associated with?

Back 42

Bruxism is teeth grinding during sleep, and can be very severe in dementia patients

Front 43

What is enuresis?

Back 43

Bed wetting (enuresis)

Front 44

Classical conditioning is learning in which a __________ is paired with _____________ to elicit ____________ that is identical to or very similar to ________________.

Back 44

Classical conditioning is learning in which a neutral stimulus is paired with an ​unconditioned stimulus to elicit a

conditioned response that is identical to or very similar to an

unconditioned response.

Front 45

How is operant conditioning different from classical conditioning?

Back 45

Whereas classical conditioning is the attempt of eliciting a response through associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus (something the subject wants), operant conditioning is the use of an unconditioned stimulus to encourage a particular unconditioned response.

Front 46

According to Skinner, what are the three components necessary in an operant conditioning experiment?

Back 46

An animal, something the animal wants, and something to associate with what the animal wants

Front 47

__________ conditioning involves an association between two stimuli, and involuntary behavior

__________ conditioning involves an association between a response and a consequence, and voluntary behavior

Back 47

Classical conditioning involves an association between two stimuli, and involuntary behavior

Operant conditioning involves an association between a response and a consequence, and voluntary behavior

Front 48

What is the Premark Principle?

Back 48

The act of setting up a contingency, with the subject's favorite pastime being a reinforcement (e.g. not watching TV until studying is finished)

Front 49

Define Discriminative stimulus

Back 49

A stimulus that controls the probability of a response. Because responses have been reinforced in the presence of the discriminative stimulus, and not in its absence, they tend to occur more often when the it is present than when it is absent.

Front 50

Explain the difference between the two schedules of reinforcement

ratio vs. interval

Back 50

Ratio is done when the subject completes a set number of actions (variable)

Interval occurs on a fixed schedule, regardless of subject behavior (fixed)

Front 51

Explain Observational & Latent learning

Back 51

Latent learning occurs without conditioning or a stimulus.

Observational learning occurs through the watching, retention, and replication of a particular behavior

Front 52

What is the James Lange Theory?

Back 52

The James Lange Theory states that when something happens to us, our body acts immediately, then processes emotion

Front 53

What is the Cannon Bard Theory?

Back 53

The Cannon Bard Theory states that when we experience a given situation, we simultaneously experience a physical response and a subjective emotion

Front 54

How are the Cannon Bard, James Lange, and Two-Factor Theories of Emotions different?

Back 54

The Cannon Bard theory states that both our physical arousal and emotional response occur simultaneously as a response to a stimuli

The James Lange theory states that our emotional response is a dependent on an evaluation of our physical response

The Two-Factor Theory states that our emotional response is derived from the interpretation of our environment

Front 55

Can emotional intelligence be increased through nurturing?

Back 55

Yes

Front 56

What are the three C's of self-motivation?

Back 56

Choice, Competence, and Community

Front 57

What does SMARTS stand for?

Back 57

Specific, Motivational, Achievable, Relevant,

Trackable, Shared

Front 58

What are the 5 C's of interpersonal trust?

Back 58

Communication, Caring, Candor, Consistency,

Commitment