Psychology Exam 1 (Chapter 3-4)

Front 1

Nervous system

Back 1

The bodies eletrichemical communication circuitry

Characteristics: complexity, integration (pulling information together), adaptability (adapting to the world), electrichemical transmission (processes information)

Hint 1

How the body communicates with itself

Front 2

Plasticity

Back 2

The brain's special physical capacity for change

Hint 2

Flexible

Front 3

NS (nervous system) Pathways: Afferent (sensory) nerves

Back 3

Carry information to the brain and spinal chord

Communicate info about External enviornment and internal conditions

Hint 3

From sensations to the brain

Front 4

NS pathways: Efferent (motor) nerves

Back 4

Carry information out of the brain and spinal chord

Communicate info from the brain and spinal chord to other areas of thr body

Hint 4

From the brain to sensations

Front 5

NS Divisions: central nervous system (CNS)

Back 5

Made up of the brain and spinal chord ONLY

Hint 5

Central = main source; central command

Front 6

NS Divisions: Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Back 6

Network of nerves that connects the brain and spinal cord to other parts of the body

Brings information to and from the brain and spinal chord and carries out the commands of the CNS

Hint 6

The messenger

Front 7

NS Divisions: PNS (somatic nervous system)

Back 7

Consists of sensory nerves; convey info from the skin and muscles to the CNS

Hint 7

Consists of afferent nerves

Front 8

NS Divisions: PNS (autonomic nervous system)

Back 8

Monitors such processes as breathing, heart rate, and digestion

Hint 8

Automatic

Front 9

NS Divisions: autonomic nervous system (sympathetic nervous system)

Back 9

Arouses the body to mobilize it for action

Hint 9

Fight or flight

Front 10

NS Divisions: autonomic nervous system (parasympathetic nervous system)

Back 10

Calms the body; rests and digests

Hint 10

Calm

Front 11

Neurons

Back 11

Nerve cells that handle information processing

Hint 11

Process info

Front 12

Glial cells (glia)

Back 12

Cells that provide support, nutritional benefits and other functions in the NS

Make sure that neurons run smoothly

More glial cells than neurons

Hint 12

Maintenance for nervous system

Front 13

Cell Structure: cell body

Back 13

Contains the nucleus

Directs the making of substances that the neuron needs for growth and maintenance

Hint 13

Maintenance for neuron

Front 14

Cell Structure: dendrites

Back 14

Fibers that project from the neuron, recieves information and sends it to the neuron's cell body

Hint 14

To the neuron

Front 15

Cell Structure: axon

Back 15

Part of the beurin that carries information away from the cell body towards other cells

Hint 15

Away from the cell

Front 16

Cell Structure:myelin sheath

Back 16

Layer of cells that encases and insulates axons

Hint 16

A case for axons

Front 17

Resting Potential

Back 17

Negative charge between inside and outside of neuron wall

Front 18

Action potential (all or nothing)

Back 18

Positive electrical charge that fires down the axon

All or nothing: once eletrical impulse reaches a certain level (threshold) it fires without losing intensity

Hint 18

Action

Front 19

Synapses

Back 19

Tiny spaces between neurons (synaptic gap)

Hint 19

Gap

Front 20

Neurotransmitters

Back 20

Transmit or carry information across the synaptic gap to the next neuron

Hint 20

A bridge over the gap

Front 21

Neurochemical messengers: dopamine

Back 21

Dopamine: helps control voluntary movement, affects sleep, mood, attention, learning, and ability to recognize rewarding experiences

Hint 21

Feel good

Front 22

Neurochemical messengers: serotonin

Back 22

Regulation of sleep, mood, attention, and learning

Hint 22

Regulate

Front 23

Neurochemical messengers: endorphins

Back 23

Natural opiates; depress NS activity and eliminate pain; mainly stimulate the firing of neurons; elivate feelings of plesure

Hint 23

Eliminates pain

Front 24

Neurochemical messengers: oxytocine

Back 24

Hormone and neurotransmitter that plays an important role in the experience of love and social bonding

Hint 24

Love

Front 25

Neural networks

Back 25

Interconnected pathways of nerve cells that integrate sensory input and motor output

Information processing occurs

Hint 25

Response

Front 26

Brain lesioning

Back 26

Abnormal disruption in the tissue of the brain resulting from injury or disease

Hint 26

Removal of tissue

Front 27

Electroencephalograph (EEG)

Back 27

Records the brain's eletrical activity

Hint 27

Eletrical activity

Front 28

Brain imaging

Back 28

X ray: reveal damage insude of body

CT scan: produces 3D image from X ray

PET scans: measures the amount of glucose in the brain

MRI: creates magnetic field around the bidy and uses radio waves to construcr images of the person's tissue and biochemical activities

Hint 28

X ray, CT, MRI, PET

Front 29

Brain: hindbrain

Back 29

Rear of the skull, lowest portion of the brain

Medulla, cerebellum, pons

Hint 29

Rear

Front 30

Brain: hindbrain (brain stem)

Back 30

Made up of the medulla, cerebellum, and the pons

Connects to spinal cord

Hint 30

Looks like a stem

Front 31

Brain: Midbrain

Back 31

Located between hindbrain and forebrain

Relays info between the brain eyes and ears

Hint 31

Middle of the head

Front 32

Brain: Forebrain

Back 32

The brain's largest division, and its most forward part

Hint 32

Front

Front 33

Brain: Forbrain (limbic system)

Back 33

Loosely connected network of structures under the cerebral cortex

Important for memory and emotion

Hint 33

Memory and emotion

Front 34

Brain: forrbrain (lymbic system: amygdala)

Back 34

Discrimination of objects that are necessary for the organism's body

Inside thr brain toward the base

Hint 34

Discrimination

Front 35

Brain: forebrain (limbic system: hippocampus)

Back 35

Special role in memory

Hint 35

Memory

Front 36

Brain: forebrain (thalamus)

Back 36

Sits at the top of the brain stem

Serves as an important relay ststion

Sort and send information

Hint 36

Relay station

Front 37

Brain: forebrain (basal ganglia)

Back 37

Large neuron clusters between thalamus (above) and cerebral cortex (under)

Works with cerebellum and cerebral cortex to control voluntary movement

Hint 37

Voluntary movement

Front 38

Brain: forebrain (hypothalamus)

Back 38

Small structure just below the thalamus

Monitors eating, drinking, sex, emotion, stress, and reward

Hint 38

Handles the fun stuff

Front 39

Cerebral cortex

Back 39

Part of the forebrain

Responsible for the most important functions such as thinking and planning

Hint 39

Thinking and planning

Front 40

Lobes: occipital

Back 40

Back of head

Respond to visual stimuli

Hint 40

Visual

Front 41

Lobes: temporal

Back 41

Just above ears

Hearing, language, memory

Hint 41

Hearing

Front 42

Lobes: frontal

Back 42

Behind forehead

Personality, intelligence, voluntary movement

Hint 42

Intellegence

Front 43

Lobes: parietal

Back 43

Top of head

Registering spacial location, attention, motor control

Hint 43

Space

Front 44

Somatosensory cortex

Back 44

Processes information sbout body sensations

Hint 44

Sensations

Front 45

Motor cortex

Back 45

Processes information about voluntary movement

Hint 45

Voluntary movement

Front 46

Association cortex

Back 46

Integrate sensory and motor information

Hint 46

Integrate

Front 47

Corpus callosum

Back 47

Large bundle of axons that connects the teo brain hemispheres

Relays info between the two sides

Hint 47

Bundle of axons

Front 48

Left hemisphere

Back 48

Language

Hint 48

Verbal

Front 49

Right hemisphere

Back 49

Processing of nonverbal information

Special perception, visual recognition, emotion

Hint 49

Non verbal

Front 50

Sensation

Back 50

Recieving stimulus energy from the external enviornment and transforming those energies into neural energy

Hint 50

Outside to inside

Front 51

Perception

Back 51

Organizing and interpreting sensory information so that it makes sense

Hint 51

Interpret

Front 52

Bottom up processing

Back 52

Register info from external environment and is sent up to the brain for interpretation

Hint 52

From enviornment to the brain

Front 53

Top down processing

Back 53

Starts with cognitive processing of the brain

Hint 53

From brain to enviornment

Front 54

Sensory receptors

Back 54

Detect stimulus info and transmit it to afferent nerves and the brain

Hint 54

Receptor

Front 55

Photoreceptors

Back 55

Detection of light, percieced as sight

Hint 55

Sight

Front 56

Mechanoreceptors

Back 56

Detection of pressure, vibration, movement percieved as touch, hearing, and equilibrium

Hint 56

Touch, hearing

Front 57

Chemoreception

Back 57

Detection of chemical stimuli

Smell and taste

Hint 57

Chemicals

Front 58

Absolute threshold

Back 58

Minimum amount of stimulus energy that a person can detect

Hint 58

Threshold = minimum

Front 59

Noise

Back 59

Irrelevant and competing stimuli

Hint 59

Irrelevant

Front 60

Difference threshold

Back 60

Noticeable difference

Hint 60

Detected difference

Front 61

Subliminal perception

Back 61

Detection of info below the level of concious awareness

Hint 61

Subliminal message

Front 62

Weber's law

Back 62

Two stimuli must differ by 50% to be percieved as different

Hint 62

Difference must be noticeable

Front 63

Attention

Back 63

Process of focusing awareness on a narrow aspect of the enviornment

Hint 63

Focusing

Front 64

Selective attention

Back 64

Act of focusing on a specific aspect of experience while ignoring others

Hint 64

Selective hearing

Front 65

Perceptual set

Back 65

Predispotion or readiness to percieve something in a particular way

Hint 65

Percieve

Front 66

Sensory adaption

Back 66

Change in responsiveness based on level of surrounding stimulation

Front 67

Light

Back 67

Electromagnetic energy that can be described in terms of wavelength

Front 68

Wavelength

Back 68

Distance from the peak of one wave to the peak of the next

Hint 68

Length

Front 69

Hue/color

Back 69

Wavelength of light that is reflected from s stimulus

Front 70

Retina

Back 70

Multilayered, light sensitive surface in the eye that records electromagnetic energy and converts it to neural impulses for brain processing

Front 71

Rods

Back 71

Receptor cells sensitive to light but not good with color vision

Hint 71

Light

Front 72

Cones

Back 72

Receptors used for color perception

Hint 72

Color

Front 73

Optic nerve

Back 73

Carries visual info to the brain for further processing

Hint 73

Carries information