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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
cognition |
the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating |
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concept |
a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people |
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prototype |
a mental image or best example of a category. Quick and easy method for sorting items into categories |
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algorithm |
a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem |
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heuristic |
a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently |
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insight |
a sudden realization of a problem's solution; contrasts with strategy-based solutions |
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confirmation bias |
a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence |
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mental set |
a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past |
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intuition |
an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning |
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availability heuristic |
estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common |
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overconfidence |
the tendency to be more confident than correct=to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments |
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belief perseverance |
clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited |
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framing |
the way an issue is posed; how they can affect decisions and judgments |
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language |
our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning |
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phoneme |
in a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit |
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morpheme |
in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word |
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grammar |
in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others. |
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babbling stage |
beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language |
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one-word stage |
the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words |
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two-word stage |
beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly in two-word statement |
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telegraphic speech |
early speech stage in which a child speaks like "go car", using mostly nouns and verbs |
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aphasia |
impairment of language, usually caused by left-hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's area (impairing understanding) |
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Broca's area |
controls language expression - an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech |
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Wernicke's area |
controls language reception - a brain area involved in language comprehensions and expressions; usually in the left temporal lobe |
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linguistic determinism |
Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think |