Vocab For Psychology David G. Myers 3

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Glucose

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The form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger.

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Set point

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The point at which an individual's "weight thermostat" is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight.

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Basal matabolic rate

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The body's resting rate of energy expenditure.

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Anorexia nervosa

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An eating disorder in which a normal-weight person (usually and adolescent female) diets and becomes significantly (15 percent or more) underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve.

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Bulimia nervosa

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An eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usally of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise.

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Insulin

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Hormone secreted by pancreas; controls blood glucose

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Leptin

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Protein secreted by fat cells; when abundant, causes brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger.

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Ghrelin

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Hormone secreated by empty stomach; sends "I'm hungry" signals to the brain.

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PYY

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Digestive tract hormone; sends "I'm not hungry" signals to the brain.

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The appetite hormones

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Insulin, Leptin, Orexin, Ghrelin, PYY

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Stress

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The process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.

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General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

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Selye's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three stages - alarm, resistance, exhaustion.

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Coronary heart disease

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The clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries

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Type A

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Friedman and Rosenman's term for competitive, hard0driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people

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Type B

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Friedman and Rosenman's term for easygoing, relaxed people.

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Psychophysiological illness

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Literally, "mind-body" illness, such as hypertension and some headaches. Note this is distinct from hypochondriasis

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Lymphocytes

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The two types of white blood cells that are part of the body's immune system: B lymphocytes from in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections; T lymphocytes form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances.

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Psychophysiological illness

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Literally, "mind-body" illness, such as hypertension and some headaches. Note this is distinct from hypochondriasis

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Lymphocytes

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The two types of white blood cells that are part of the body's immune system: B lymphocytes from in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections; T lymphocytes form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances.

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Dependence

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Reliant on a particular habit or drug such as with smoking

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Tolerance

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Needing larger and larger doses of a drug to get the same effect

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Withdrawal

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Physiological or psychological effects of going without a substance that one is addicted to.

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Biological rhythms

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Periodic physiological fluctuations

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Circadian rhythm

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The biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle.

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REM sleep

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Rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active

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Alpha waves

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The relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state

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Sleep

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Periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness - as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation

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Hallucinations

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False sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus.

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Delta waves

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The large, slw brain waves associated with deep sleep

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Insomnia

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Recurring problems in falling or staying asleep

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Narcolepsy

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A sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inapporpriate times

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Sleep apnea

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A sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and reqeated momentary awakenings

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Night terrors

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A sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of bing terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during stage 4 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered

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Dream

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A sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person's mind. Dreams are notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruites, and for the dreamer's delusional acceptance of the content and later difficulties

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Manifest content

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According to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream (as distinct from its latent, or hidden, content).

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Latent content

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According to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content). Freud believed that a dream's latent content functions as a safety valve.

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REM rebound

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The tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep)

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Anxiety disorders

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Psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

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Generalized anxiety disorder

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An anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal

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Panic disorder

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An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations

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Obsessive compulsive disorder

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An anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)

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Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

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An anxiety disorder charcterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience.

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Mood disorders

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Psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes. Major depressive disorder, mania, bipolar disorder.

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Major depressive disorder

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A mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities.

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Mania

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A mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state.

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Bipolar disorder

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A mood disorder in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania

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Schizophrenia

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A roup of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions

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Delusions

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False beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders.

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Paranoid schizophrenia

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Preoccupation with delusions or hallucinations, often with themes of persecution or grandiosity

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Disorganized schizophrenia

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Disorganized speech or behavior, or flat or inappropriate emotion

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Catatonic schizophrenia

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Immobility (or excessive, purposeless movement), extreme negativism, and/or parrotlike repeating of another's speech or movements

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Undifferentiated schizophrenia

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Many and varied symptoms

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Residual schizophrenia

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Withdrawal, after hallucinations and delusions have disappeared

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Psychotherapy

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An emotionally charged, confiding interaction between a trained therapist and someone who suffers from psychological difficulties

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Eclectic approach

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An approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client's problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy

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Psychoanalysis

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Sigmund Freud's therapeutic technique. Freud believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences - and the therapist's interpretations of them - released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight

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Resistance

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In psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material

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Interpretation

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In psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight.

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Transference

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In psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent)

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Client-centered therapy

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A humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathetic environment to facilitate clients' growth (also called person-centered therapy).

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Active listening

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Empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers' client-centered therapy

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Behavior therapy

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Therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors.

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Counterconditioning

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A behavior therapy procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors; based on classical conditioning. Includes exposure therapy and aversive conditioning

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Exposure therapies

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Behavioral techiniques, such as systematic desensitization, that treat anxieties by exposing people ) in imagination or actuality) to the things they fear and avoid

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Systematic desensitization

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A type of counterconditioning that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias.

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Virtual reality exposure therapy

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An anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to simulations of their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking

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Aversive conditioning

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A type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol).

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Cognitive therapy

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Therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions

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Cognitive-behavior therapy

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A popular integrated therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)

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Family therapy

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Therapy that treats the family as a system. Views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by or directed at other family members; attempts to guide family members toward positive relationships and improved communication

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Meta-analysis

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A procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies.

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Biomedical therapy

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Prescribed medications or medical procedures that act directly on the patient's nervous system

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Psychopharmacology

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The study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior

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Tardive dyskenisia

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Involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs; a possible neurotoxic side effect of long-term use of antypsychotic drugs that target D2 dopamine receptors.

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Electroconvulsive therapy

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A biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient

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Reptitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)

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The application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or supress brain activity.

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Psychosurgery

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Surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior

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Labotomy

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A now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the verves that connect the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain