Psychology Chp 8. Motivation And Emotion

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Motivation

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the biological,emotional, cognitive, or social forces that activate and direct behavior.

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characteristics of behavior

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activation, persistence, and intensity.

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Instinct theories

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the view that certain human behaviors are innate and due to evolutionary programming

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Drive theories

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the view that behavior is motivated by the desire to reduce internal tension caused by unmet biological needs.

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Incentive theories

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the view that behavior is motivated by the pull og external goals, such as rewards.

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Arousal theories

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the view that people are motivated to maintain a level of arousal that is optimal-neither too high nor too low.

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Humanistic theories of motivation

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the view that emphasizes the importance of psychological and cognitive factors in motivation, especially the notion that people are motivated to realize their potential.

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Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs

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motives are arranged in hierarchy from basic survival needs to self-actualization.

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Deci and Ryan's Self determination theory of motivation

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Optimal human functioning can occur only if the psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness are satisfied.

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Extrinsic Motivation

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external factors or influences on behavior, such as rewards, consequences, or social expectations.

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Intrinsic motivation

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the desire to engage in tasks that are inherently satisfying and enjoyable, novel, or optimally challenging; the desire to do something for its own sake.

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Competence Motivation

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the desire to direct your behavior toward demonstrating competence and exercising control in a situation.

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Achievement Motivation

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the desire to direct your behavior toward excelling, succeeding, or outperforming others at some task.

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Emotion

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A complex psychological state that involves a subjective experience, a physiological response, and a behavior or expressive response.

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Contemporary Psychologist thoughts about why we have them

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essential for successful living and making good decisions.

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Basic emotions

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the most fundamental set of emotion categories, which are biologically innate, evolutionary determined, and culturally universal.

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List of basic emotions

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Fear, surprise, anger, disgust, happiness, sadness.

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Display Rules

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Social and cultural regulations governing emotional expression, especially facial expressions.

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James-Lange theory of emotion

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the theory that emotions come from the perception and interpretation of physiological and body changes.

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Walter Cannon's Criticisms of the James-Lange Theory

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Cannon pointed out that body reactions are similar for many emotions, yet our subjective experience of various emotions is very different.

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Facial Feedback hypothesis

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the view that expressing a specific emotion, especially facially, causes the subjective experience of that emotion.

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Self-efficacy

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the degree to which a person is convinced of his or her ability to effectively meet the demands of a particular situation.

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Strategies to increase self-efficacy

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mastery experiences-experiencing success at a moderately challenging tasks in which you have to overcome obstacles and persevere; observational learning/social modeling- imitate behavior of someone who is already competent at the task you want to master.