Psychology Chp 6

Front 1

Memory

Back 1

An active system that receives information from the senses, puts that information into usable form, organizes it, and stores it.

Ability to store information for periods of time from seconds to the rest of our life time.

Front 2

Encoding

Back 2

The set of mental operations that people perform in sensory information to convert that information into a form usable in the brains storage systems

Front 3

Retrieval

Back 3

(The biggest problem people have) Getting information they know they have out of storage.

Front 4

Information-Processing Model

Back 4

Focuses on the way information is handled, or processed through three different systems of memory: ENCODING, STORAGE, and RETRIEVAL

Front 5

Parallel Distributed Processing (PDP) Model

Back 5

This model of memory, derived from work in the development of artificial intelligence (AI).

Front 6

Levels-of-Processing Model

Back 6

Research has demonstrated that you can enhance your memory for specific words if you think about its meaning, how it can be used, and by giving personal example of its use.

Front 7

Sensory Memory

Back 7

First stage of memory, the point at which information enters the nervous system through the sensory systems(ears, eyes, and so on)

Front 8

Iconic Memory

Back 8

Visual sensory memory, only lasts for a fraction of a second.

Front 9

Eidetic Imagery

Back 9

The ability to access a visual sensory memory over a long period of time. (photographic memory)

Front 10

Echoic Memory

Back 10

The brief memory of something someone heard.

The "What?" Phenomenon, memories that linger in the mind for a few seconds, allowing people to keep up with conversation.

Front 11

Short-Term Memory (STM)

Back 11

Memories held for up to 30 seconds or more.

Front 12

Selective Attention

Back 12

The ability to focus on only one stimulus from among all sensory input. It is through this that information enters our STM.

Front 13

Working Memory

Back 13

An active system that processes the information present in short-term memory.

Front 14

Maintenance Rehearsal

Back 14

A person is simply continuing to pay attention to the information to be held in memory.

Front 15

Long-Term Memory (LTM)

Back 15

The system into which all information is placed to be kept more or less permanently.

( a computer hard drive)

Front 16

Elaborative Rehearsal

Back 16

A way of transferring information from STM to LTM, by making that information meaningful in some way. (Postman, 1975)

Front 17

Non-declarative (implicit) Memory

Back 17

Memories for things that people know how to do, like tying shoes or riding a bike, are a kind of LTM.

Front 18

Anterograde Amnesia

Back 18

Damage to the Hippocampal area of the brain that causes them to not be able to form long term declarative memories.

Front 19

Declarative (explicit) Memory

Back 19

About things that people can know, the facts and information that make up knowledge

Front 20

Semantic Memory

Back 20

A type of declarative memory that is general knowledge that anyone has the ability to know.

Front 21

Episodic Memory

Back 21

Memories of what happened to people each day, specific birthdays, they represent episodes from peoples lives.

Front 22

Semantic Network Model

Back 22

Assumes that information is stored in the brain in a connected fashion with concepts that are related to each other are store physically closer than those that are not related.

Front 23

Recall

Back 23

Memories are retrieved with few or no external cues, such as filling in the blanks on an application.

Front 24

Recognition

Back 24

Involves looking at or hearing information and matching it to what is already memory.

Front 25

Tip of the Tongue

Back 25

When information seems so very close to the surface of conscious thought that it feels like it is there.

Front 26

Serial Position Effect

Back 26

Memory retrieval, in which information at the beginning or end of a list tends to be remembered more easily.

Front 27

Primacy Effect

Back 27

Words at the beginning of a list are more easily remembered than those at the middle.

Front 28

Recency Effect

Back 28

At the end of a paragraph there is another increase in recall.

Front 29

Automatic Memory

Back 29

Memories flow into our long term memory with little to no effort.

Front 30

Flashbulb Memories

Back 30

Memories of highly emotional events, can often seem vivid and detailed as if the persons memory took a flash picture of the event.

Front 31

Encoding Specificity

Back 31

The tendency for memory of any kind of information to be improved if retrieval conditions are similar to the condition when the memories were encoded.

Front 32

Elizabeth Loftus

Back 32

Her studies find that memory is highly fluid and can be altered by the person even when the person is unaware that they are doing it.

Front 33

Constructive Processing

Back 33

Memories are literally built or reconstructed form information stored away during encoding, each time a memory is recalled it maybe changed or altered in some way.

Front 34

Misinformation Effect

Back 34

Misleading information can become part of actual memory affecting its accuracy,

Front 35

Hindsight Bias

Back 35

The tendency of people to falsely believe that they would have accurately predicted the out come, without having been told about it in advance.

Front 36

False-Memory Syndrome

Back 36

The creation of inaccurate or false memories through the suggestion of others, often while person is under hypnosis.

Must be Plausible and Possible

Front 37

The Curve of Forgetting

Back 37

Forgetting is greatest just after learning.

Front 38

Encoding Faliure

Back 38

The failure to process information into memory.

Front 39

Memory Trace

Back 39

Activity between neurons when a memory is formed.

Front 40

Decay (disuse)

Back 40

"use it or lose it" Process that if memory traces are not used they will be lost.