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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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in humans, the stage of life from birth until two |
infancy |
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the stage of life that follows infancy and spans the period of the second birthday to the beginning of adolescence |
childhood |
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the satisfaction obtained from pleasant, soft stimulation |
contact comfort |
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the process of adjusting existing ways of thinking to encompass new information, ideas, or objects |
accommodation |
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the stage of cognitive development during which children acquire the ability to think logically |
concrete-operational stage |
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the awareness that people and objects continue to exist even when they cannot be perceived |
object permanence |
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a level of moral development during which moral judgments are derived from a person’s own moral standards |
postconventional moral reasoning |
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The type of development that developmental psychologists focus on is: ________ ________ ________ |
Physical Social Cognitive |
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The most dramatic gains in height and weight occur ______ ______ |
Before birth |
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Developmental psychologists study infancy and childhood to learn about: The influence of ______ and _________ How to foster ______ Whether growth occurs _______ or in ______ |
heredity and environment self-esteem gradually or in stages |
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Babies show a preference for looking at human faces by about _____ _____ |
four months |
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Attachment is essential for infants because it helps them _____ on other people for their _______ |
rely, survival |
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Studies of children in daycare centers have shown ____ effects on these children's ______ development |
mixed, social |
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Development of self-esteem in young children can be encouraged by ________ _______ |
Authoritative parenting |
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Parents can encourage a child to master self-control by Consistent and firm _______ of ______ |
enforcement, rules |
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Infants who are insecurely attached to their caregivers respond by: -_____ caregivers when they leave -Making no effort to ______ when caregivers return -_____ when picked up by caregivers |
Ignoring interact Crying |
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Children of authoritative parents often grow up to be _________ |
Achievement-oriented |
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A child’s self-esteem seems to reach a low point at about age ___ or ___ |
12 or 13 |
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Children whose fathers participated actively in their upbringing are more likely to: -Be ______ -Be more ________ -Get along _____ with other people |
popular empathic well |
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sexual characteristics that are not involved in reproduction, such as the growth of facial hair in males and the rounding of hips and breasts in females |
secondary sex characteristics |
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a small, exclusive group of people within a larger group |
clique |
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a period of time in the development of identity in which a person delays making a decision about important issues but actively explores various alternatives |
identity moratorium |
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the act of making a commitment based on other’s values in order to avoid an identity crisis |
identity foreclosure |
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an eating disorder characterized by extreme weight loss due to self-starvation |
anorexia nervosa |
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Teenagers in the identity-achievement category tend to feel a high level of _______ and _______ |
self-esteem and self-acceptance |
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The biological stage of development known as puberty ends when _______ growth stops |
Physical |
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A man’s deep voice is an example of a(n) _______ ______ _________ |
Secondary sex characteristics |
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Puberty brings out differences between males and females through The ______ of different types of ______ |
release, hormones |
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The behavior of adolescents is most affected by ______ and _______ changes |
Cultural and social |
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Adolescents who retain close ties to their parents are more likely to show _______ and ________ |
self-reliance and independence |
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During a period of parent-adolescent conflict, teenagers will still usually follow the _______ and _______ values of their ______ |
religious, political, parents |
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During adolescence, friendship becomes important in: -Contributing to ______ -Strengthening one's ability to be ______ -Providing ______ and ________ |
self-esteem caring support and understanding |
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Gender differences in patterns of friendship that appear during adolescence continue into _______ |
adulthood |
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An adolescent’s career and education goals are most influenced by his or her _______ |
Parents |
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Peer pressure for adolescents is strongest at about age ____ |
15 |
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The most rewarding part-time job a teenager can hold fills a ______ need in the teenager's _____, _________, or ______ |
financial, family, community, or future |
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Because many women work outside the home, female adolescents are more likely to: -Approach identity formation more like ______ _______ -Be concerned about future ______ plans -Express concerns about balancing ___ and family life |
male adolescents occupational work and family life |
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Identity formation for adolescents from ethnic minority groups can be complicated by: -Reconciling differences between two sets of ______ _____ -_______ -______ barriers |
cultural values Poverty Language |
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Significant factors that influence juvenile delinquency include Low ______ and feelings of _______ |
self-esteem, alienation |
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the ability to create, originate, and produce throughout adulthood |
generativity |
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a period in middle adulthood when a person’s perspective on his or her life may change significantly |
midlife transition |
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the view that aging is the result of genetics |
programmed theories |
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an unstable molecule present in the human body that is thought by some scientists to be a cause of aging |
free radical |
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a decrease in mental ability that sometimes occurs after the age of 65 |
senile dementia |
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a strong sense of identity during late adulthood that is characterized by the wisdom to accept the fact that life is limited |
ego integrity |
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the act of killing or enabling the death of a hopelessly sick or injured individual in a relatively painless way; also called mercy killing |
euthanasia |
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During young adulthood, women are traditionally most concerned with creating _________ with others |
relationships |
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People are influenced in their marital decisions by: -________ beliefs -Level of _______ -Social _____ |
Religious education class |
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The concept of romantic love as a reason for marriage became widespread in Western society in the ______ |
1800s |
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Boys tend to adjust more to divorce _____ easily than girls |
less |
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Teenage marriages suffer a higher divorce rate than adult marriages because teenage couples may lack _______ ______ |
personal stability
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Children whose parents are divorced often experience the “sleeper effect,” which results in ______ performance in school, is a delayed reaction that shows up in ______ ______ |
poor, early adulthood |
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In recent years, the median age of first marriage has ______ |
risen |
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The most common reasons couples give for divorce are problems in _______ and a lack of _______ |
communication, understanding |
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The result of “no-fault” divorce laws has been to make it _______ to obtain a divorce |
easier |
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Middle adulthood spans the years from ____ to ___ |
40-65 |
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Women tend to undergo their midlife transitions _______ than men do |
earlier |
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Menopause is caused by the ______ in levels of _______ and _______ |
decrease, estrogen and progesterone |
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For most older adults, the main change in cognitive functioning they experience is a _______ in their ability to rapidly perform _____ |
reduction, tasks |
