Psychology Chapters 1, 2, & 6

Front 1

structuralism

Back 1

first formal school of thought in psychology, analyzed basic elements of conscious mental experience.

Tichener

Front 2

functionalism

Back 2

how mental processes function, how we use mental processes in adapting to the environment.

William james

Front 3

Goals of Psychology

Back 3

1) description
2)explanation
3) prediction
4) influence

Front 4

Biases

Back 4

1)selection bias
2) placebo effect
3)experimentor bias

Front 5

Behavioral perspective

Back 5

-also called learning perspective
-focuses on overt behavior, observable and measurable

Front 6

cognitive perspective

Back 6

-cognitive processes (memory, thought reasoning)

Front 7

biological perspective

Back 7

-biological events and processes that underlie behavior

Front 8

evolutionary perspective

Back 8

-focuses on possible role of inherited tendencies shaped by evolution in human behavior.

Front 9

developmental perspective

Back 9

-focuses on change in behavior and cognitive processes over a lifetime

Front 10

psychodynamic perspective

Back 10

-focuses on the role of hidden, often unconcious internal processes

Front 11

behaviorism

Back 11

-observable and measurable only
-how environment creates behavior
-Watson 1913

Front 12

humanistic

Back 12

-no freud, no behaviorists
-free will/choice
-innately good
-everyone wants self-actualization
-carl rogers

Front 13

pavlov

Back 13

studied conditioning (1904)

Front 14

who founded the APA?

Back 14

G. Stanley Hall

Front 15

1st woman prez of APA

Back 15

Mary Caulkins

Front 16

who created the first lab, father of psychology?

Back 16

Wunt (1879)

Front 17

gestalt psychology

Back 17

individuals perceive objects and patterns as whole units and the whole is more than the sum of its parts

Front 18

socio-cultural perspective

Back 18

emphasizes social and cultural influences on human behavior

Front 19

7 perspectives

Back 19

Behavioral
Psychoanalytic
Humanistic
Cognitive
Evolutionary
Biological
Sociocultural

Front 20

correlation method

Back 20

-compares 2 variables
-allows prediction
-does not show causation
-correlation coefficient (greater magnitude = greater strength)

Front 21

glial cells

Back 21

specialized cells in the brain and spinal cord
-support neurons
-remove wastle products from brain by engulfing and digesting them
-handle manufacturing, nourishing, and cleanup`
-in spinal cord, also involved in transmission of pain to the brain

Front 22

resting potential

Back 22

-70 mV wrt fluid outside the cell

Front 23

action potential

Back 23

-sudden reversal of the resting potential
-initiates firing of neuron
-lasts for 1 ms

Front 24

myelin sheath

Back 24

-white, fatty coating wrapped around some axons
-insulation
-speeds up impulses

Front 25

nodes of ranvier

Back 25

-gaps in myelin sheith
-electrical impulse is retriggered at each node
-up to 100 times faster than with no myelin sheath

Front 26

neurotransmitter

Back 26

-chemical substance
-released into synapse from axon terminal of sending neuron
-crosses synapse and binds to appropriate receptor sites on dendrites or cell body of receiving neuron
-tells nerve to fire or not fire

Front 27

receptors

Back 27

-protein molecules on the surfaces of dendrites adn cel lbodies
-have distinctive shapes
-will interact only with specific neurotransmitters

Front 28

reuptake

Back 28

-neurotransmitter is taken from the synapse back into the axon terminal
-terminates effect on receiving neuron

Front 29

acetylcholine

Back 29

-causes skeletory muscle fibers to contract so body can move
-keeps heart from beating too rapidly (opposite effect on heart muscle)

Front 30

dopamine

Back 30

-one of four neurotransmitters called monoamines
-involved in learning, attention, movement,
-important to our ability to feel pleasure

Front 31

Norepinephrine

Back 31

-monoamine
-effects eating habits
-stimulates intake of carbs
-plays a major role in alertness and wakefullness

Front 32

epinephrine

Back 32

-monoamine
-complements norepinephrine
-affects the metabolism of glucose
-causes the nutrient NRG stored in muscles to release during strenuous exercise

Front 33

serotonin

Back 33

-monoamine
-regulates mood, sleep, impulsivity, aggression, and appetite
-linked to depression and anxiety disorders

Front 34

glutamate

Back 34

-primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain
-released by 40% of neurons
-active in brain areas involved in learning, thought, and emotions

Front 35

GABA

Back 35

--gamma aminobutyric acid
-main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain
-controls anxiety
-imitated by tranquilizers, barbiturates, and alchohol (they bind with and stimulate a GABA receptor)
-abnormality in neurons that secrete GABA causes epilepsy

Front 36

endorphins

Back 36

-chemicals that provide relief from pain or stress of exercise
-produce feelings of pleasure and well-being
-runner's high
-opiate drugs such as morphine and heroin

Front 37

central nervous system

Back 37

1)brain
2)spinal cord
-connects brain with peripheral nervous system

Front 38

peripheral nervous system

Back 38

-carries info to and from CNS
1)somatic
-controls skeletal muscles
-interacts with external env.
2)autonomic
-regulates internal env., including organs, glands, blood vessels

-broken down into sympathetic and parasympathetic

Front 39

sympathetic nervous system

Back 39

-part of autonomic, under peripheral
-prepares body for action
-fight/flight
-rapid breathing
-fast heartbeat
-stops digestion
-glucose release
-relaxes bladder
-dilates eyes

Front 40

parasympathetic nervous system

Back 40

-part of autonomic, under peripheral
-conserves body NRG
-returns body to normal
-quiet state after emergency
-stimulates bile production
-slows breathing
-slows heart
-stimulates salivary gland and digestion
-contracts eyes

Front 41

Hindbrain

Back 41

-link between spinal cord and brain
-contains structures that regulate physiological functions
-brainstem, medulla, pons, spinal cord, reticular formation, cerebellum

Front 42

brainstem

Back 42

-hindbrain
-includes medulla, pons, reticular formation
-regulates functions critical to physical survival

Front 43

medulla

Back 43

-part of brainstem (hindbrain)
-heartbeat
-breathing
-blood pressure
-coughing
-swallowing

Front 44

pons

Back 44

-part of brainstem (hindbrain)
-connects medulla to cerebellum
-helps relay messages between cerebellum and motor cortex
-influences sleep and dreaming
-plays a role in body movement

Front 45

reticular formation

Back 45

-part of brainstem (hindbrain)
-extends through central core of brainstem into pons
-sometimes called the reticular activating system 9RAS0
-plays crutial role in arousal and attention
-blocks unimportant information temporarily (car swerves/radio, blocks radio temporarily so you can focus on one thing.)
-determines how alert we are
-important messages still get through during sleep (baby crying.)

Front 46

cerebellum

Back 46

-hindbrain
--helps body execute smooth, skilled movements
-regulates muscle tone and posture
-plays a role in motor learning and memories of motor activities
-may also help us focus attention on incoming sensory stimuli and shift attention efficiently when needed
-may also increase our efficiency in aquiring sensory info and differentiating between sensory stimuli.

Front 47

midbrain

Back 47

-acts as a relay station through which basic physiological functions of hindbrain are linked to cognitive functions of forebrain.
-burn=spinal cord only, from there impulses are sent through the midbrain to the forebrain (remember to use a potholder!)
-contains substantia nigra

Front 48

substantia nigra

Back 48

-midbrain
-darkly colored nuclei of nerve cells
-controls our unconcious motor actions (riding a bike, walking up stairs without thought, etc.)

Front 49

forebrain

Back 49

-largest part
-cognitive functions
-hypothalamus, cerebral cortex, corpus callosum, limbic system, thalamus

Front 50

hypothalamus

Back 50

-forebrain
-controls hunger, thirst, body temp, sexual behavior
-helps congrol endocrine system
-involved in emotion
-starts sweating/shivering
-houses biological clock
-physical symptoms of strong emotion (sweaty palms, hollow stomach, pounding heart, etc.)

Front 51

thalamus

Back 51

-forebrain
-2 egg shaped parts
-relay station for all info flowing in and out of forebrain from all senses EXCEPT SMELL
- affects our ability to learn verbal information
-regulates sleep cycles (in cooperation with pons and reticular formation)
-if hurt, cannot transfer info to or from forebrain, become a "vegetable".

Front 52

cerebral cortex

Back 52

-forebrain
-thin outer overing over cerebral hemispheres
-1/8 " thick
-grey matter (cell bodies of neurons)
-responsible for higher levels of thinking
-white matter underneath (white myelinated axons) that connect the neurons of the cortex with those of other brain regions
-amt of grey matter determines intelligence
-

Front 53

corpus callosum

Back 53

-thick band of nerve fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres

Front 54

Limbic system

Back 54

-group of structures in the forebrain collectively involved in emotional expression, memory, and motivation
-amygdala, hippocampus, pituatary gland, hypothalamus, thalamus

Front 55

amygdala

Back 55

-part of limbic system
-plays important role in emotion
especially fear
-seeing frightened faces cause nerves in amygdala to fire
-helps recognize facial expressions/tones associated with fear and anger

Front 56

hippocampus

Back 56

-part of limbic system
-located in interior temporal lobes
-helps store NEW memories
-helps with response to new or unexpected stimuli
-plays key role in navigational ability
-internal spatial maps
-taxi drivers have big hippocampi
-involved in formation of episodic memories

Front 57

left brain hemisphere

Back 57

-directly
controls right side of body
-indirectly controls left side of body
-coordinates complex movements
-handles most language functions
-speaking, writing, reading, speech comprehension, comp. of written info.
-specialized for mathematics and logic
-processes info about self (sense of well being)
-communicates with right hemisphere to smooth movements

Front 58

right brain hemisphere

Back 58

-directly controls left side of body
-indirectly controls right side of body
-more adept at visual-spacial relations
-right auditory cortex is better able to process music
-produces verbal associations of creative thought and problem solving
-metaphors, spatial orientation
-responds to tone of voice
-interprets non-verbal communication and behavior

Front 59

split brain operation

Back 59

-to cure epilepsy
-severes corpus callosum, separating the cerebral hemispheres
--ears and eyes have connections to both hemispheres

Front 60

frontal lobes

Back 60

-largest of the brain's lobes
-motor cortex, broca's area, frontal association areas

Front 61

motor cortex

Back 61

-part of frontal lobes
-conbrols voluntary body movement
-learnibng and cognitive events
-fingers, lips, tongue have a larger share of the motor cortex
-lower body controlled by top and vice versa
-plasticity retained throughout life

Front 62

broca's area

Back 62

-part of frontal lobes
-directs pattern of muscle movement required to produce speech sounds.

Front 63

aphasia

Back 63

-impairment in the physical ability to use or understand language
-results from damage to broca's area

Front 64

parietal lobes

Back 64

-top middle portion of the brain
- involved in reception and processing of touch stimuli
-has somatosensory cortex

Front 65

somatosensory cortex

Back 65

-part of parietal lobes (front strip of brain tissue)
-site where touch, pressure, temperature, and pain register in the cerebral cortex
-awareness of body movement and position
-cooperates with hippocampus to regulate spatial orientation and sense of direction
-houses memories of how objects feel against the human skin, so we can identify objects by touch

Front 66

occipital lobes

Back 66

-rear of the brain
-involved in reception and interpretation of visual information
-houses primary visual cortex

Front 67

primary visual cortex

Back 67

-site where vision registers in the cortex
-each eye is connected to both right and left visual cortexes
-hold memories of past visual experiences
-help recognize things and people that are familiar
-face recognition
-identify objects visually

Front 68

temporal lobes

Back 68

-located slightly above the ears
-involved in the reception and interpretation of auditory stimuli
-houses primary auditory cortex
-houses wernicke's area

Front 69

primary auditory cortex

Back 69

-receives sounds inputs from both ears
-

Front 70

wernicke's area

Back 70

-language area involved in comprehending the spoken word and formulating coherent written and spoken language

Front 71

endocrine system

Back 71

-a series of ductless glands located in various parts of the body
-manufactures hormones and secretes them into the bloodstream

Front 72

hormones

Back 72

-chemical substances manufactured and released in one part of the body that have an effect on another part of the body

Front 73

pituitary gland

Back 73

-located just below hypothalamus in the midbrain
-releases hormones which activate other endocrine glands
-produces body growth hormone
-size of a pea

Front 74

pineal gland

Back 74

-deep within brain
-secretes melatonin, the hormone that controls the sleep and wakefulness cycle

Front 75

endocrine system

Back 75

-a series of ductless glands located in various parts of the body
-manufactures hormones and secretes them into the bloodstream

Front 76

thyroid gland

Back 76

-produces thyroxine, the hormone that regulates the rate at which food is metabolized

Front 77

hormones

Back 77

-chemical substances manufactured and released in one part of the body that have an effect on another part of the body

Front 78

parathyroid glands

Back 78

-left and right of thyroid gland
-produce parathyroid hormone (PTH), which is involved in the absorption of calcium and magnesium from the diet, and regulates the amts of both in the bloodstream.

Front 79

pituitary gland

Back 79

-located just below hypothalamus in the midbrain
-releases hormones which activate other endocrine glands
-produces body growth hormone
-size of a pea

Front 80

thymus gland

Back 80

-produces hormones needed for the production of specialized white blood cells that circulate through the body destroying things.

Front 81

pineal gland

Back 81

-deep within brain
-secretes melatonin, the hormone that controls the sleep and wakefulness cycle

Front 82

pancreas

Back 82

-releases the hormones insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream to regulate blood sugar levels

Front 83

thyroid gland

Back 83

-produces thyroxine, the hormone that regulates the rate at which food is metabolized

Front 84

adrenal glands

Back 84

-above the kidneys
-produce epinephrine and norepinephrine (also neurotransmitters), hormones which prepare the body for emergencies
-release corticoids, and small amts of sex hormones

Front 85

parathyroid glands

Back 85

-left and right of thyroid gland
-produce parathyroid hormone (PTH), which is involved in the absorption of calcium and magnesium from the diet, and regulates the amts of both in the bloodstream.

Front 86

corticoids

Back 86

-hormones released by adrenal gland
-involved in fight-or-flight
-contribute to rage and aggressive behavior by signaling the brain to maintain fight-or-flight response long after the threat is gone.

Front 87

thymus gland

Back 87

-produces hormones needed for the production of specialized white blood cells that circulate through the body destroying things.

Front 88

pancreas

Back 88

-releases the hormones insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream to regulate blood sugar levels

Front 89

adrenal glands

Back 89

-above the kidneys
-produce epinephrine and norepinephrine (also neurotransmitters), hormones which prepare the body for emergencies
-release corticoids, and small amts of sex hormones

Front 90

corticoids

Back 90

-hormones released by adrenal gland
-involved in fight-or-flight
-contribute to rage and aggressive behavior by signaling the brain to maintain fight-or-flight response long after the threat is gone.

Front 91

gonads

Back 91

-ovaries in females
-testes in males
-produce sex hormones
-activated by pituitary gland

Front 92

male sex hormones

Back 92

-androgens
-influence sexual motivation

Front 93

female sex hormones

Back 93

-estrogen
-progesterone
-help regulate the menstrual cycle

Front 94

genes

Back 94

-segments of DNA located on the chromosomes
-basic units for hereditary traits

Front 95

chromosomes

Back 95

-contain all genes and carry all genetic info to make a human being
-23 pairs in all normal body cells
-23 single chromosomes in sex cells

Front 96

zygote

Back 96

-full complement of 46 chromosomes (23 pairs)
-about 30,000 genes

Front 97

genotype

Back 97

-genetic makeup

Front 98

phenotype

Back 98

-actual traits

Front 99

multifactorial inheritance

Back 99

-traits influenced by both genes and environmental factors

Front 100

behavioral genetics

Back 100

-field that uses twin and adoption studies to investigate the effects of heredity and environment on behavior

Front 101

hippocampal region

Back 101

involved in formation of semantic memories

Front 102

long term potentiation

Back 102

-long lasting increase in efficiency of neural transmission
-neural basis for memory
-

Front 103

emotional memory hormones

Back 103

-epinephrine
-norinephrine

Front 104

anterograde amnesia

Back 104

-loss of ability to create new memories after amnesia event
-long term memories remain intact
-

Front 105

retrograde amnesia

Back 105

-loss of memories before amnesia event
-occurs with damage to hippocampus and temporal lobes

Front 106

savings score

Back 106

-measure of retention
-how fast you relearn material

Front 107

prospective forgetting

Back 107

-forgetting to carry out an intented action (dentist, etc)

Front 108

motivated forgetting

Back 108

-forgetting on purpose to protect yourself

Front 109

proactive interference

Back 109

-old memories prohibit the learning of new

Front 110

retroactive interference

Back 110

-new memories prohibit the old memories

Front 111

retrieval failure

Back 111

-interference
-decay
-motivated
-amnesia

Front 112

sereal position

Back 112

-we remember the first and last things better

Front 113

eipettic imagery

Back 113

-similar to photographic
-kids sometimes have it

Front 114

consolidation failure

Back 114

-failure to store information in memory

Front 115

encoding failure

Back 115

-failure to process information well enough to begin consolidation

Front 116

primacy effect

Back 116

-remember first few things more than middle

Front 117

recency effect

Back 117

-remember last few things more than middle

Front 118

state-dependent memory effect

Back 118

-remember things better if in same state as when learned them (place, snakes, etc)

Front 119

DNA

Back 119

-adenine
-thymine
-guanine
-cytosene

Front 120

fertilized ovum

Back 120

zygote

Front 121

heterozygotic

Back 121

identical twins

Front 122

dizygotic

Back 122

fraternal twins

Front 123

atkinson shiffron model

Back 123

info-->sensory-->short term-->long term
-all subject to decay/interference
-sensory=encoding
-short term=storage
-long term=retrieval

Front 124

long term memory

Back 124

-declarative
(explicit)
-non declarative
(implicit)
(procedural)

Front 125

declarative memory

Back 125

-one of two types of long term memory
-explicit
1)episodic
2)semantic