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10 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Thinking

Involves manipulating information mentally by forming concepts, solving problems, making decisions, and reflecting in a critical or creative manner.

Concepts

Are mental categories that are used to group objects, events, and characteristics.

Prototype Model

Emphasizes that when people evaluate whether a given item reflects a certain concept, they compare the item with the most typical item(s) in that category and look for a “family resemblance” with the item’s properties.

Problem Solving

Means finding an appropriate way to attain a goal when the goal is not readily available.

The Steps in Problem Solving

1. Find and Frame Problems


— Recognizing the problem


2. Develop good problem solving strategies


— We need to develop strategies for solving it.


* subgoals


* algorithms


* heuristics


3. Evaluate solution


— we need to find out if our solution works


4. Rethink and redefine problems and solutions over time


— rethink and redefine problems continually

Subgoals

Intermediate goals or problems to solve that put us in a better position for reaching the final goal or solution.

Algorithms

Are strategies that guarantee a solution to a problem.

Heuristics

Are such shortcut strategies or guidelines that suggest a solution to a problem but do not guarantee an answer.

Fixation

Involves using prior strategy and failing to look at a problem from a fresh, new perspective.

Functional Fixedness

Occurs when individuals fail to solve a problem because they are fixated on a thing’s usual functions.