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10 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Thinking |
Involves manipulating information mentally by forming concepts, solving problems, making decisions, and reflecting in a critical or creative manner. |
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Concepts |
Are mental categories that are used to group objects, events, and characteristics. |
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Prototype Model |
Emphasizes that when people evaluate whether a given item reflects a certain concept, they compare the item with the most typical item(s) in that category and look for a “family resemblance” with the item’s properties. |
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Problem Solving |
Means finding an appropriate way to attain a goal when the goal is not readily available. |
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The Steps in Problem Solving |
1. Find and Frame Problems — Recognizing the problem 2. Develop good problem solving strategies — We need to develop strategies for solving it. * subgoals * algorithms * heuristics 3. Evaluate solution — we need to find out if our solution works 4. Rethink and redefine problems and solutions over time — rethink and redefine problems continually |
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Subgoals |
Intermediate goals or problems to solve that put us in a better position for reaching the final goal or solution. |
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Algorithms |
Are strategies that guarantee a solution to a problem. |
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Heuristics |
Are such shortcut strategies or guidelines that suggest a solution to a problem but do not guarantee an answer. |
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Fixation |
Involves using prior strategy and failing to look at a problem from a fresh, new perspective. |
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Functional Fixedness |
Occurs when individuals fail to solve a problem because they are fixated on a thing’s usual functions. |