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89 Cards in this Set
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Self concept/ Self identitiy |
Personal identity + Social identity the sum of an individuals knowledge and understanding of himself due to physical, psychological, and social attributes which can be influenced by the individuals attitudes |
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self consciousness |
awareness of one's self |
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self schemas |
beliefs that the person has about himself |
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Personal identity |
one's own sense of one's personal attributes |
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Social identity |
social definitions of who you are EX: race, religion, gender, occupation etc |
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Quick way to remember different aspects of one's identity |
Age Disablity Religion Ethnicity Socioeconomic status Sex Indigenous background National origin Gender ADRESSING acronym |
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self reference effect |
tendency to better remember info relevant to ourselves such as old info that is consistent with one's self concept or new info that is consistent with ones self schema |
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Carl Rogers |
created idea that personality is composed of ideal self and real self |
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Ideal self |
constructed out of life experience and social expectations. Ideal self is what you "should" be |
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Real self |
the person you actually are |
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Self efficacy |
belief in one's own competence and effectiveness |
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Internal locus of control |
you believe that you are able to influence your own outcome through effort |
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external locus of control |
you believe that outcomes are controlled by outside forces |
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Learned helplessness |
learning not to act in situations because you believe that what you do will have no affect on the outcome |
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individuation |
formation of a distinct individual personality |
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Looking glass self |
Charles Cooley people shape their self concepts based on their understanding of how others perceive them |
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Generalized other |
common behavior expectations of general society |
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George Herbert Mead's specific path to development of the self |
Preparatory stage: children imitate others because they have no concept of how others see things Play Stage: children take on roles of others Game Stage; Children learn to consider multiple roles simultaneously |
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Socialization |
process through which people learn to be proficient and functional members of a society by learning the values and beliefs enforced by that society |
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Feral children |
children raised without human contact |
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Mores |
norms that are very important for the benefit of society and are strictly enforced |
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Folkways |
norms that are not important but shape day to day life such as style of dress and ways of greeting |
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Formal vs. informal norms |
formal norms are written down (laws) and often carry punishment while informal norms are simply understood and do not carry specific punishment |
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Anomie (normlessness) |
social condition where people are not given firm guidelines and there is minimal moral guidance or social ethic |
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Deviance |
actions that violate social norms |
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Differential association |
Edwin Sutherland deviance is a learned behavior resulting from interactions between an individual and its closest personal group. Individuals become deviant when their contacts that favor deviance outweighs their contacts that condemn deviance |
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Labeling Theory |
Howard Becker deviance is the result of society's response to a person. Deviance is a social construct Social labels placed on the person might cause the person to exhibit more deviant behavior to conform to the label given |
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Structural Strain Theory |
Robert Merton deviance is due to experienced strain in society |
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Collective Behavior |
very short lived and less conventional values influence the groups behavior. Individuals engage in actions in spontaneous situations that are otherwise unacceptable and irrational |
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Active movement vs. expressive movement |
Active: social movement that attempts to foster social change Expressive: social movement that attempts to foster individual change (example: support group) |
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mass hysteria |
result of public reactions to stressful situations |
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moral panic |
panic due to perceived threat to social order |
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assimilation |
individual forsakes aspects of his own culture and adopts those of a different culture |
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Amalgamation |
major and minority groups combine to make new group |
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Multiculturalism / Pluralism |
endorses equal standing for all cultural traditions |
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Kohlberg's Stages of moral Development |
Level 1: Typical of Chilrdren Stage 1: Obedience and punishment orientation Stage 2: Self interest orientation Level 2: Typical of adolescents and adults Stage 3: Interpersonal accord and conformity Stage 4: Social order maintaining orientation Level 3: Many ppl never reach this level Stage 5: social contract orientation (laws need to be changed if they go against general welfare Stage 6: universal ethical principles (only laws grounded in justice are valid) |
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Dispositional attribution |
behavior is due to internal and innate causes within the individual |
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Situational Attribution |
behavior is due to external causes |
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Three factors that influence attribution to internal or external causes |
Consistency, Distinctiveness, Consensus |
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Fundamental attribution error (HOW YOU VIEW OTHERS BEHAVIOR) |
we tend to think peoples behavior is usually dispositional instead of situational |
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Actor-observer bias (HOW YOU VIEW YOUR BEHAVIOR) |
blame our behavior on situation while others on dispositional characteristics |
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Self serving bias |
attribute success to ourselves and our failures on others |
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Optimism bias |
bad things happen to other people but not to me |
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Halo effect |
tendency to believe people have inherently good or bad natures rather than looking at individual characteristics |
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Social perception |
understanding of others and their characteristics in our social world |
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False consensus |
assuming that everyone else agrees with you |
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Projection bias |
assuming others have the same beliefs as you |
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Stereotype |
over simplified ideas about groups of people based on various characteristics |
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Prejudice |
THINKING AND FEELING a certain way toward a group of people without any actual experience with those people |
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Discrimination |
ACTING a certain way toward a group of peole |
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Affirmative Action |
action taken to benefit minorities that are discriminated against |
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Reverse Discrimination |
Discrimination against the majority group |
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Race vs. Ethnicity |
Race has to do with physical characteristics such as skin, hair and eye color Ethnicity has to do with cultural factors such as language and region of origin |
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Self fulfilling prophecy |
A person stereotypes a group of people and acts a certain way toward them. Because of the way that the individual acts toward the group of people, the stereotype is reinforced in the individuals head. Ex: John thinks sorority girls are mean and doesnt talk to them. His stereotype that they are mean is reinforced because he doesnt talk to them. |
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Stereotype Threat |
causes the group of people that are stereotyped to behave in the stereotypical manner Ex: Female is told that males are better at a math test. Female performs badly on the math test that she would have done good on if not presented with the stereotype. |
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Ethnocentrism and Cultural relativism |
tendency to judge people from another culture by standard of ones own culture |
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Primary Group |
group that plays important role in individuals life. Usually smaller group that individual is emotionally connected to |
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Secondary Group |
impersonal group that individual interacts with for specific reasons and short periods of time |
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Expressive vs. Instrumental Function |
Expressive: Serves to meet emotional needs (done by primary group) Instrumental: Meeting pragmatic needs |
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In group |
Group that plays a big role in the individuals life and the individual believes that he is a part of the group Individual usually feels positively toward this group |
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Out group |
a group that the individual does not belong to Individual have more negative impressions toward this group |
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Reference Group |
standard measure that individual uses to compare himself to Ex: MCAT study peers |
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Aggregate |
People who share the same space but do not interact or share any common sense of identity |
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Category |
people who share a similar characteristic but are otherwise not related |
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Bureaucracy |
an administrative body and the processes by which this body efficientyly accomplishes work tasks. There is an advanced division of labor and each worker performs small tasks. Managers coordinate the tasks |
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Iron Law of Oligarchy |
all bureaucracies become more and more oligarchic as layers of managers increases as the bureaucracy becomes more comples |
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Social facilitation effect |
People tend to perform well learned simple tasks that they already know BETTER when they are around other people |
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Deindividuation |
when situations are very arousing and provide a low sense of responsibility, one loses sense of restraint and their individual identity. Person might act in ways that would be surprising to themselves and others who know the indivdual Ex: during a moshpit at a concert |
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bystander effect |
person is less likely to provide help when there are others also present More people present causes a diffusion of responsibility instead of responsibility lying with one person when no one else is there |
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Social Loafing |
people in a group put in less effort if they are being evaluated as a group rather than if they were individually accountable |
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Group Polarization |
Group polarization does not mean that the group is becoming more divided on an issue! It means that the entire group tends to go toward more extreme version of the average views they initially shared before discussion |
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Two reasons that group polarization occurs |
Informational influence: most common ideas emerge because they favor the dominant viewpoint causing this viewpoint to be strengthened
Normative Influence: you take a stronger stance than what you would have in order to better relate to the group |
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Groupthink |
Group is seemingly in agreement because people do not want to be the only one to provide a dissenting opinion. This causes BAD DECISIONS TO BE MADE |
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Soloman Asch Experiment (conformity experiment) |
He did the thing where there are three lines and the person is supposed to choose the one that is the same as a comparison line presented. There is an obvious answer and the other two are clearly wrong. When the person does the test by himself he gets it correct. However, when the guy is placed in a group of confederates (people who are part of the experiment but the person does not know this) who choose the wrong answer, the guy conforms to their wrong answer because he doenst want to stand out |
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Normative Social Influence |
People Conform to be liked by others |
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Informational Social Influence |
Complying because we want to do the right thing and feel like others "know something that we dont know" Usually occurs in new situations |
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Master Status |
Status that trumps all statuses that an individual has and the individual's position in society is generally determined by the master status |
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Ascribed status |
status that is assigned to a person by society regardless of the person's own effort |
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Achieved Status |
status gained by the individual through personal effort |
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Social Role |
expectations for people with certain status |
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Role Conflict |
Conflict in society's expectations for multiple statuses held by the same person EX: male nurse |
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Role Strain |
When a single status results in conflicting expectations |
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Three types of Organizations |
Utilitarian: members get paid for their efforts such as in a business Normative: membership is based on morally relevant goals Coercive: members do not have a choice in joining |
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Impression Management / Self Presentation |
Conscious or unconscious process by which you try to present a certain image of yourself to others by influencing their perception of you |
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Self handicapping |
people create excuses to avoid blame when they perform poorly |
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Dramatrugical perspective |
We imagine ourselves as playing certain roles when interacting and presenting ourselves to others. We base our presentation on cultural norms etc Our identities are not necessarily stable and depend on our interactions with others. We constantly remake ourselves depending on the situation |
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Front Stage vs. Back Stage |
Front stage we act a certain way and play a role to craft the way we come across to people Back stage we let our guard down and act ourself |
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What is the most powerful predictor for friendship? |
Proximity |
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Mere exposure effect |
people prefer repeated exposure to the same stimuli; familiarity breeds fondness |
