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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are combination hormonal contraceptives |
Estrogens and progesterone |
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What is the failure rate of combination contraceptives |
Perfect -0.3% typical - 8% |
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Discuss the progestin only contraceptives |
It inhibits ovulation, thins endometrial, thickens cervical mucous |
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In terms of the progestin only contraceptives discuss the 3 pull pills associated + failure rates |
Mini pill- daily (perfect)- 0.3% Typical- 8% Depo-Provera- injection every 3 months perfect- 0.3% Typical- 8% levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS)- inserted into uterus and lasts 5 years failure rate -0.2% |
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What are some pros of hormonal contraceptives |
Effective No need to worry about usage Regulates menstrual cycle Reduced menstrual flow Reversible |
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What are some cons about hormonal contraceptives |
Has to be taken regularly to be effective Doesn't protect against STIs Side effects- mood change, cancer risks, weight gain |
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Is an IUD a hormonal or non hormonal contraceptive |
Non hormonal |
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What are pros of IUDs |
No hormonal side effects, reduced risk of endomedtrial cancer |
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What are cons of IUDs |
possible irregular bleeding, increased blood loss during menstruation, no STI protection, increased risk of pelvic inflammatory disease, possibility of expulsion or uterine perforation
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Discuss cervical barrier methods....is or hormonal or non hormonal |
Creates barriers to sperm at cervix, non-hormonal |
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What are pros and cons of cervical barrier methods |
Pro-no hormonal side effects Cons- increased risk of toxic shock syndrome, no STI protection, unsuitable if you have a UTI or vaginal infection |
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Discuss spermicide and if it is a hormonal or non hormonal contraceptive |
Spermicide- used with barrier methods so that it is more effective. Only good for one act of intercourse Non hormonal |
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What are pros and cons of spermicide |
Pros- all but film double as lubricant Cons-taste bad, irritating to skin, only works for an 1hr |
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Discuss condoms |
Create physical barriers to trap sperm It is the only barrier method that provides STI protection Condoms= best form to prevent HIV, Female condoms= some protection against external genital contact reducing infection from some STIs |
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List the non-hormonal contraceptives |
condoms, cervical barrier methods, spermicide, IUDs |
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Discuss Natural methods |
No human-made barriers or hormones (may be used in conjunction) Abstinence, withdrawal, fertility awareness, symptom-thermal approach, rhythm method, lactational amenorrhea |
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Discuss the symptom thermal approach |
Charting your basal body temperature, cervical position, mucus= determine when she is fertile and could get pregnant Detect 0.2 degree spike Tracks for months consistently for this method to work Difficult= irregular cycle |
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Discuss the rhythm method, the perfect use, and downside to usage |
Calendar based Fertile time is calculated based on the length of last 12 cycles Standard-days method is a variation Perfect use- 95% Downside- ovulation unpredictable when stressed or during hormonal changes |
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Discuss the withdrawal method |
Pulling out Perfect use =96% |
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What are the pros and cons of withdrawal |
Pros- no hormonal or barrier methods Cons- interrupting sex before ejaculation |
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Discuss abstinence and its biggest problem |
Avoiding all sexual activity (masturbation/ penis and vagina) 100% effective- but backup plan should always be available Problems teaching to youth- Lack of knowledge about sex= risky behaviour |
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Discuss the most common contraceptive methods globally |
Sterilization- 18.9% of married females 15-49 2.4% married males 15-49 IUD- developing world- 15.1% married women 15-49 Developed world- 9.2% married women 15-49 |
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Discuss the 2002 Canadian contraceptive study |
Condoms/OCs most popular among unmarried women 18-34 Male and female fertilization common with older people 7%- use condoms to protect against STIs |
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Why should we use birth control in USA |
USA- 2/3 families with young and unmarried mothers live in poverty 38 percent of mothers who have a child before 18 finish high school |
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What are some reasons for sexual risk taking |
Personality factors- ( impulsive, extraversion, neuroticism Situational factors- poor, no contraceptives, drugs and alcohol Relationship factors- abusive relationships |
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How do we reduce sexual risk taking |
IMB model- identifies factors that directly and indirectly affect sex health behaviours Information- accessible and understandable motivation- personal attitude. perceived vulnerability, social norms behavior- self-efficacy, confidence Allowing for openness to discussing sexuality rather than guilt = better birth control use |
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Discuss emergency contraception |
When contraception fails or pill is forgotten Not abortion but intervenes before implantation Available since 2005 in Canada |
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What are some reasons for seeking an abortion |
Health problems You can't take care of the kids |
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What do the Hormonal Contraceptives do and what are xamples |
They alter hormones involved in reproduction And are more effective in pregnancy prevention than non-hormonal methods Examples- Progestin-only, combination hormonal contraceptives, |
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What are the two types of abortions |
Therapeutic and elective |
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Discuss a therapeutic abortion |
Performed when pregnancy can harm mom and fetus has congenital defect that can lead to death |
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Discuss the history of Abortions in Canada. Who is Dr. Henry
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1869- abortions illegal and could be imprisoned 1967- abortions can be performed with strict guidelines Dr. Henry- regardless of laws he performed abortions in clinic in Montreal (activist) |
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When did abortion become legal in Canada. Discuss the clinics in Canada |
1988- Court ruled for Morgentaler Very few free-standing clinics and access to abortion varies widely |
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Where in Canada has the most accessible abortion facilities and what is the percent of clinics that still experience protests. |
Quebec 64%- BC has bubble zones for protestors |
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Where are abortions mostly legal |
North America and most European countries, China, India, South Africa |
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Where are abortions mostly illegal |
Africa, south and central American countries except for therapeutic reasons |
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Discuss the 2 types surgical abortions |
Manual vacuum aspiration Vacuum suction curettage |
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Discuss dilation and evacuation |
13th to 16th week or up to 24 wks -must be done in hospital under anaesthetic Similar to vacuum suction curettage but complicated because of the increased size of the fetus |
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Discuss anti and pro choice debate and the survey of Canadians |
Anti choice(Pro life)- abortion shouldn't be an available choice Pro choice- women should have the choice of having, adopting,terminating pregnancy. Have different beliefs Canadians- 52%- identify as pro-choice 10%- didn't choose 11%- no response 27%- pro-life |
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When was abortion decriminalized |
1969- had to be approved under therapeutic abortion committee |
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what were some ancient birth controls |
- silphium- extinct and used in ancient Greece -mercury and arsenic -barrier methods in ancient Egypt (tampons soaked in crocodile dung or honey) -intra-crural intercourse -infanticide |
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What is intra-crural intercourse |
-rubbing penis between partners thighs |
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What was the criminal code and when was it made illegal |
Illegal- 1892 Criminal code- made use and sale of contraceptives illegal and could serve 2 years in jail if broke the law |
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Which kinds of women were able to afford and who is Margaret Sanger |
-Wealthy women were able to afford under-the table contraceptives Margaret Sanger- American nurse and activist, coined term “birth control” |
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Discuss the history of Birth control in Canada |
1923- first formal contraceptive advocacy organization in Vancouver 1932- birth control clinic open 1930s- Parents Information Bureau in southern Ontario distributed contraceptives to low-income families (Dorothea Palmer arrested but won case cause she stated she was working for public good) 1960s- baby boom made birth control more acceptable 1963: International Planned Parenthood Federation is born 1968: The United Nations recognizes family planning as a human right Movement opposed by several religious organizations, especially the Catholic church, though most Canadians supported it 1969: The Trudeau government removes birthcontrol from the Canadian Criminal Code |
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When was the first reusable linen used and by who |
-Developed by Gabriello Fallopio in 16th century and made of animal intestines |
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Discuss religious/political agenda perspectives on contraception |
-reduced contraceptive used until deep into 20th century |
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What are some common myths |
You cannot get pregnant- -your "first time" -if she douches after intercourse - if you have sex standing up or if you are on top - the guy pull out (pre-cum has viable sperm) -if you have sex during your period |
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what is the probability of getting pregnancy in one year with no birth control |
- 85% |
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what is perfect use |
-ideal situation, where it’s used 100% accurately |
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what is typical use |
realistic situation where some mistakes are inevitably made, due to misinformation, intoxication, tiredness, forgetfulness |
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How do combination hormonal contraceptives work (estrogen and progesterone) |
- They inhibit ovulation, alter the endometrium, and alter the consistency of the cervical mucus |
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what are some examples of combination hormonal contraceptive |
Combination Pill (Alesse, Yasmin)- daily with break for menstruation Transdermal patch- patch on skin applied every 3 weeks then 1 week break NuvaRing- ring inserted into vagina and placed in to cervix for 3 weeks then removed for 1 week |
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Who uses are progestin-only contraceptives |
women who cannot tolerate estrogen |
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Discuss examples of spermicide and the failure rate |
Perfect- 18% Typical- 29% Vaginal contraceptive film, bio-adhesive jelly, foam, suppositories, jellies and creams (usually paired with diaphragm or cervical cap) |
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what are the 10 steps of correct condom use |
1- expiry and seal 2- carefully open package 3- blow air to the tip, and find where it unrolls 4- few drops of water-based lube inside 5- place condom on glans of erect penis 6- squeeze tip for space to collect semen 7- unroll to base of penis and smooth out air bubbles 8- put water-based lube on outside 9- remove penis right after ejaculation and remove condom at safe distance 10- tie off end and throw in garbage |
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Discuss IUDs (intra-uterine devices) and The failure rate |
- |
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Discuss the cervical barrier method and the failure rates |
Create barriers to sperm at cervix Use with spermicide to be more effective Perfect- 6-9% Typical= 13-20% (for sponge and cap higher if given birth) |
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Discuss spermicide, and the failure rate, |
-perfect- 18% Typical- 29% |
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What are some examples of cervical barrier method |
-Contraceptive sponge, Lea contraceptive, cervical cap, diaphragm all inserted into vagina and block cervix |
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Discuss male condoms and the failure rate |
-Must be used with water-based lubricant(oil base weakens condom structure) Lube+ thinner condoms= reduced sensitivity Polyurethane/silicone= break, and slip easier Perfect- 2% Typical- 15% |
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Discuss female condoms and the failure( perfect,typical rate) of female condoms |
- recommended for anal and makes crinkly noises perfect- 5% typical- 21% |
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Discuss female sterilization and the failure rate |
-tubal ligation- severs fallopian tube and prevents fertilization failure rate- 0.05% |
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Discuss male sterilization and the failure rate |
-Vasectomy- severs vas deferens Failure rate- 0.05% |
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Are surgical methods reversible |
-No |
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Discuss Lactational amenorrhea and how effective it is |
-Breastfeeding hormonally supresses ovulation 98% effective |
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Discuss the fertility awareness method |
-relies on woman understanding and tracking of her menstrual period Helps women understand cycles and catch abnormalities Have to restrict sex in order to avoid pregnancy |
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What is the perfect and typical use of the symptom-thermal approach
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Perfect- 91-99% Typical- 80% |
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Discuss the perfect and typical use for the rhythm method
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What are the most common reasons for women stopping condom use
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Have only one partner, Trust your partner
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What are the statistics on birth control Canadian women 18-44 who have had intercourse but weren't trying to get pregnant Married/Unmarried |
Married- 18-34 (OCs- 29) 35-44 (Male sterilization- 32) Unmarried- 18-34 (OCs 56) 35-44 (OCs- 17) |
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Generally why should we use birth control
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The world's population is increasing (9.1 billion by 2050 and most will live in the poor countries) # of children in family affects education level, health, income Link between fertility regulation and achievement of broader developmental goals globally |
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What are some options for emergency contraception
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IUD- within 7 days of unprotected sex Emergency contraceptive pill- has levonorgestrel |
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What are the statistics for plan B during the first 24 hours and 49-72 hours
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24hr- 95% 49-72 hr- 77% |
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What are the statistics about pregnancy for an average woman. Discuss abortions performed across Canada
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Average woman- spends 30 years trying not to get pregnancy and 5 years trying to get pregnancy Canada- in 2014 81897 abortions performed (no evidence shows that women are using abortion as birth control) |
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Discuss elective abortions
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Performed for reasons other than mother or fetus health Reasons- can't take care of baby, you are poor, immaturity, rape Legal |
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Discuss abortions: Has incidence of abortion declined? What percent of abortions happen in developing countries? Discuss unsafe abortions globally
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1) Yes with improvements of family planning and birth control 2) 83% 3) Unsafe abortions have not declined globally Results- 5 million hospitalized and 70000 dead 13% of maternal deaths are from complications in unsafe abortions |
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Discuss non-surgical abortions and the options in Canada
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Can be performed up to the 9th week of pregnancy but not in later stages Options in Canada- Administer methotrexate or misoprostol fetus stops growing Few days after the uterus contracts and expels the fetus |
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What are the pros and cons of a non-surgical abortion
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Pros- less invasive Cons- Adverse side effects (nausea, headache, fever) |
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Discuss a Vacuum Suction Curettage and the pros of this procedure
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Performed up to 20 weeks Dilate cervix, insert tube and creates suction, scrape uterine lining with curette Pros- safe and little risk |
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Discuss the manual vacuum aspirations and the pros
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Only time= first 7th week of pregnancy Insert tube and create suction Pros- safe and effective |
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Discuss 2nd and 3rd trimester abortions
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20th week- abortion requires feticide so that the fetus isn't born alive Injection stops fetal heartbeat Fetus removed by forceps, labour is induced, C-section may be required |
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Discuss the pro-life/choice debate in America vs. Canada
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America- Roe vs. Wade 1973- Supreme court affirmed women's right to get an abortion More power among different states to create laws Canada- Trudeau decriminalized in 1969 but approved by therapeutic abortion committee 1988- anti-abortion laws violated charter of rights and freedoms |
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Discuss Adoptions and private and public agencies
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Adoptions- Canada Adopts (2001)= hundreds of mothers in Canada put their babies up for adoption Private- mothers involved (mainly in Canada) Public- mothers not involved |
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How do most unwanted pregnancies end
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In abortion or the mother raising the child by herself
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What is the success rate of medical abortions in ending pregnancy
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90-98%
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What did invention of contraceptives lead to
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improved maternal and fetal health, improvement in women' socials status (higher education, join workforce)
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