Psychology Chapter 7

Front 1

Learning

Back 1

The acquisition of new knowledge, skills, or responses from experience that result in a relatively permanent change in the state of the learner

Front 2

Classical conditioning

Back 2

A phenomenon that occurs when a neutral stiulus produces a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally produces a response

Front 3

Unconditioned stimulus

Back 3

Something that reliably produces a naturally occurring reaction in an organism

Front 4

Unconditioned response

Back 4

A reflexive reaction that is reliably produced by an unconditioned stimulus

Front 5

Conditioned stimulus

Back 5

A stimulus that is initially neutral and produces no reliable response in an organism

Front 6

Conditioned response

Back 6

A reaction that resembles an unconditioned response but is produced by a conditioned stimulus

Front 7

Acquisition

Back 7

The phase of classical conditioning when the CS and the US are presented together

Front 8

Second-order conditioning

Back 8

Conditioning in which the stimulus that functions as the US is actually the CS from an earlier procedure in which it acquired its ability to produce learning

Front 9

Extinction

Back 9

The gradual elimination of a learned response that occurs when the US is no longer presented

Front 10

Spontaneous recovery

Back 10

The tendency of a learned behavior to recover from extinction after a rest period

Front 11

Generalization

Back 11

A process in which the CR is observed even though the CS is slightly different from the original one used during acquisition

Front 12

Discrimination

Back 12

The capacity to distinguish between similar but distinct stimuli

Front 13

Biological preparedness

Back 13

A propensity for learning particular kinds of associations over others

Front 14

Operant conditioning

Back 14

A type of learning in which the consequences of an organism's behavior determine whether that behavior will be repeated in the future

Front 15

Law of effect

Back 15

The principle that behavior that are followed by a satisfying state of affairs tend to be repeated and those that produced an unpleasant state of affairs are less likely to be repeated

Front 16

Operant behavior

Back 16

Behavior that an organism produces that has some impact on the environment

Front 17

Reinforcer

Back 17

Any stimulus or event that functions to increase the likelihood of the behavior that led to it

Front 18

Punisher

Back 18

Any stimulus or event that functions to decrease the likelihood of the behavior that led to it

Front 19

Fixed interval (FI) schedule

Back 19

An operant conditioning principle in which reinforcements are presented at fixed times, provided that the appropriate response is made

Front 20

Variable Interval (VI) Schedule

Back 20

An operant conditioning principle in which behavior is reinforced based on an average time that has expired since the last reinforcement

Front 21

Fixed Ratio (FR) Schedule

Back 21

An operant conditioning principle in which reinforcement is delivered after a specific number of responses have been made

Front 22

Variable ratio (VR) schedule

Back 22

An operant conditioning principle in which the delivery of reinforcement is based on a particular average number of responses

Front 23

Intermittent reinforcement

Back 23

An operant conditioning principle in which only some of the responses made are followed by reinforcement

Front 24

Intermittent-Reinforcement effect

Back 24

The fact that operant behaviors that are maintained under intermittent-reinforcement schedules resist extinction better than those maintained under continuous reinforcement.

Front 25

Shaping

Back 25

Learning that results from the reinforcement of successive steps to a final desired behavior

Front 26

Latent learning

Back 26

A condition in which something is learned but it is not manifested as a behavioral change until sometime in the future

Front 27

Cognitive map

Back 27

A mental representation of the physical features of the environment

Front 28

Observational Learning

Back 28

A condition in which learning takes place by watching the actions of others

Front 29

Diffusion Chain

Back 29

A phenomenon that occurs when individuals initially learn a behavior by observing another individual perform that behavior and then serve as a model from which other individuals learn the behavior

Front 30

Implicit learning

Back 30

Learning that takes place largely without awareness of the process or the products of information acxquisition

Front 31

Habituation

Back 31

A general process in which repeated or prolonged exposure to a stimulus results in a gradual reduction in response