Psychology Chapter 7

Front 1

mental activity in the brain when a person processes information

Back 1

thinking/cognition

Front 2

ideas that represent a class or category of objects, events, or activities (e.g. birds)

Back 2

concepts

Front 3

concepts defined by specific rules or features (e.g. a square)

Back 3

formal concepts

Front 4

concepts that result from experiences in the real world

Back 4

natural concepts

Front 5

a concept that closely matches the defining characteristics of a concept

Back 5

prototype

Front 6

mental generalizations about objects, places, events, people

Back 6

schemas

Front 7

a kind of schema involves a familiar sequences of activities (e.g. going to the movies)

Back 7

script

Front 8

occurs when a goal must be reached by thinking and behaving in certain ways

Back 8

problem solving

Front 9

identifying, evaluating, and choosing among several alternatives

Back 9

decision-making

Front 10

problem-solving method in which one possible solution after another is tried until a successful one is found

Back 10

trial-and-error (mechanical solution)

Front 11

very specific, step-by-step procedures for solving certain types of problems

Back 11

algorithms

Front 12

an educated guess based on prior experiences that helps narrow down the possible solutions for a problem, "rule of thumb"

Back 12

heuristic

Front 13

heuristic in which the difference between the starting situation and the goal is determined and steps taken to reduce the difference

Back 13

means-end analysis

Front 14

sudden perception of a solution to a problem

Back 14

insight

Front 15

the most general form of a type of concept, such as "animal or fruit"

Back 15

superordinate concept

Front 16

an example of a type of concept around which other similar concepts are organized, such as "dog," "cat," or "pear"

Back 16

basic level type

Front 17

the most specific category of a concept, such as one's pet dog

Back 17

subordinate concept

Front 18

the creation of a machine that can think like a human (but lacks true flexibility of human thought process)

Back 18

artificial intelligence

Front 19

a block to problem solving that comes from thinking about objects in terms of only their typical functions

Back 19

functional fixedness

Front 20

the tendency for people to persist in using problem-solving patterns that have worked or them in the past

Back 20

mental set

Front 21

the tendency to search for evidence that fits one's beliefs while ignoring any evidence that does not fit those beliefs

Back 21

conformation bias

Front 22

a number representing a measure of intelligence, resulting from the division of mental age by chronological age x100

Back 22

intelligence quotient

Front 23

a problem has 1 answer and all lines of thinking will eventually lead to that 1 answer

Back 23

convergent thinking

Front 24

person starts at 1 point and comes up with many different possibilities based on that point

Back 24

divergent thinking

Front 25

the ability to learn from one's experiences, acquire knowledge, and use resources effectively in adapting to new situations

Back 25

intelligence

Front 26

the ability to reason and solve problems, g-factor

Back 26

general intelligence

Front 27

the ability to excel in certain areas, or s factor

Back 27

specific intelligence

Front 28

This psychologist's theory claimed intelligence comprises 2 different abilities

Back 28

Spearman's g factor

Front 29

This psychologist's theory claimed there were 9 intelligences: verbal, logical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, musical, spatial, motion, naturalist, existentialist

Back 29

Gardiner's multiple intelligences theory

Front 30

This psychologist's theory claimed there were 3 types of intelligence.

Back 30

Sternberg's triarchic theory

Front 31

list the 3 intelligences in the triarchic theory

Back 31

1) analytical (book-smarts)

2) creative (divergent thinking)

3) practical (street smarts)

Front 32

the process of giving the test to a large group of people that represents the kind of people for whom the test is designed

Back 32

standardization

Front 33

the degree to which a test actually measures what it's supposed to measure

Back 33

validity

Front 34

the tendency of a test to produce the same scores again and again each time it's given to the same people

Back 34

reliability

Front 35

a type of intelligence that assumes that IQ is normally distributed around a mean of 100 with a standard deviation of 15

Back 35

Deviation IQ scores

Front 36

This IQ test, given to a variety of ages, gives a verbal and nonverbal score calculated over 5 areas of content.

Back 36

Stanford-Binet test (SB5)

Front 37

Uses a variety of subtests to give an overall score divided in 4 content areas (WAIS-IV) (WISC-IV),

Back 37

Wechsler test

Front 38

a condition in which a person's behavioral and cognitive skills are at a lower developmental stage, also known as mental retardation

Back 38

developmentally delayed

Front 39

a condition in which IQ falls below 70 and adaptive behavior is severely deficient for their chronological age

Back 39

intellectual disability

Front 40

four levels of delay

Back 40

Mild: 55-70

Moderate: 40-55

Severe: 25-40

Profound: below 25

Front 41

What are 3 causes of developmental delay?

Back 41

deprived environments, chromosome/genetic disorders, dietary deficiencies

Front 42

gifted IQ

Back 42

140

Front 43

This psychologist conducted a longitudinal study to demonstrate that gifted children grow up to be successful adults

Back 43

Terman

Front 44

the awareness of and ability to manage one's own emotions as well as the ability to be self-motivated, feel what others feel, and be socially skilled

Back 44

emotional intelligence

Front 45

a system for combining symbols such as words so that an unlimited number of meaningful statements can be made in communication with others

Back 45

language

Front 46

the system of rules governing the structure and use of a language

Back 46

grammar

Front 47

the system of rules for combining words and phrases to form grammatically correct sentences

Back 47

syntax

Front 48

the smallest units of meaning within a language

Back 48

morphmemes

Front 49

the rules for determining the meaning of words and sentences that can flip around to change meaning

Back 49

semantics

Front 50

the basic units of sound in a language

Back 50

phonemes

Front 51

aspect of language involving the practical ways of communicating with others, or the social niceties of a language

Back 51

pragmatics

Front 52

language controls your thought process and concepts

Back 52

linguistic relativity hypothesis

Front 53

concepts are universal and influence the development of language

Back 53

cognitive universalism

Front 54

being aware of the negative stereotypes results in the individual scoring poorly on a IQ test

Back 54

stereotype threat

Front 55

name 2 ways to improve thinking

Back 55

specific mental exercise and physical exercise

Front 56

controversy exists over the lack of evidence that animals can learn ____, which some feel means that animals are not truly learning a language

Back 56

syntax

Front 57

Twin studies and adoptive studies show that _______ is genetically from parents and enforced by upbringing.

Back 57

general intelligence

Front 58

scores from standardizing a group of test scores

Back 58

norms

Front 59

flynn effect states

Back 59

IQ scores improve from generation to generation