Psychology Chapter 6

Front 1

Social Referencing

Back 1

Trying to understand what’s going on around them by picking up on the emotions of other people.

Front 2

When do babies start to partake in Social Referencing

Back 2

8 - 10 months

Front 3

Stages of Psycho-social Development

Back 3

Stage 1: Trust vs. Mistrust (Birth to 1)

Stage 2: Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt (1-3)

Front 4

Basic Emotions

Back 4

Happiness, interest, surprise, fear, anger, sadness, and disgust. Universal humans and other primates have had these long into evolution prompting survival.

Front 5

What four basic human emotions receive the most attention?

Back 5

Happiness

Anger

Sadness

Fear

Front 6

Social Smile

Back 6

(6 - 10 weeks) Parent's communication evokes a broad grin.

Front 7

When does Laughter first start?

Back 7

3 - 4 months

Front 8

When do angry expression increase in frequency?

Back 8

Four to Six months into the second year.

Front 9

Stranger Anxiety

Back 9

Most common early form of fear.

• Fear of unfamiliar adults

Front 10

When does fear begin?

Back 10

Second half of the first year into the second year.

Front 11

Secure Base

Back 11

• A familiar caregiver that acts as a vantage point to explore the environment.
  
• Return for emotional support.
  

Front 12

Self-Conscious Emotions

Back 12

• Guilt
• Shame
• Embarrassment
• Envy
• Pride

A higher order set of feelings

Front 13

When do self-conscious emotions develop?

Back 13

18 to 24 months

Front 14

Emotional Self-Regulation

Back 14

How we adjust our emotional state to a comfortable level.

• Suppressing anger
• Deciding not to see a scary movie

Front 15

When do Temper Tantrums generally occur?

Back 15

When an adult rejects a toddler's demands. Usually when the toddler is fatigued or hungry.

Front 16

Temperment

Back 16

Stable individual differences in reactivity and self-regulation.

Front 17

Reactivity

Back 17

Quickness and intensity of emotional arousal, attention, and motor activity.

Front 18

Self-Regulation

Back 18

Strategies that modify reactivity.

Front 19

Easy Child

Back 19

• 40%
  
• Regular routines
  
• Generally cheerful
  
• Adapts easily to new experiences
  

Front 20

Difficult Child

Back 20

• 10%
• Irregular daily routines
  
• Slow to accept new experiences
  
• Tends to react negative and intense
  

Front 21

Slow-to-Warm-up Child

Back 21

• 15%
• Inactive
• Mild reactions to environmental stimuli
  
• Negative mood
  
• Adjusts slowly to new experiences
  

Front 22

What are the 3 dimensions of Rothbart's definition of Temperment?

Back 22

1. Emotion
   
2. Attention
   
3. Action
   

Front 23

Effortful Control

Back 23

Capacity to voluntarily suppress a dominant response in order to plan and execute a more adaptive response.

• How effective a child can focus attention

Front 24

How do inhibited (shy children) react to novel stimuli?

Back 24

• Negative and Withdraw
  
• Increase heart rates
  
• higher activity in right hemisphere of frontal cortex (emotions, big picture, connections)
  

Front 25

How do uninhibited (social kids) react to novel stimuli?

Back 25

• Positively
  
• Low heart rates
  
• Higher activity in the left hemisphere of the frontal cortex (planning, detail.)
  

Front 26

Why is temperament not stable?

Back 26

Temperament develops with age.

Front 27

Are genetics more impactful on early or later temperament?

Back 27

Later years when temperament becomes more stable.

Front 28

Goodness-of-fit-Model

Back 28

• Combines genetics and environment
  
• Child-rearing to match temperament, extrovert parent toning it down to help match an introvert child

Front 29

What chromosome interferes with the serotonin neurotransmitter?

Back 29

17

Front 30

Attachment

Back 30

Close emotional bond between one person and another.

Front 31

Ethological Theory of Attachment

Back 31

Infants emotional tie to a caregiver as an evolved response that promotes survival.

• Most widely accepted view

Front 32

Is feeding the basis of attachment according to Bowlby?

Back 32

No

Front 33

Preattachment Phase

Back 33

Birth to 6 weeks

• Recognize mother's smell, voice, and face. not attached to them yet.

Front 34

"Attachment-in-the-making" Phase

Back 34

6 weeks to 6-8 months

• Developing a sense of trust
• Respond differently to caregivers vs strangers
• do not protest when separated from caregiver

Front 35

"Clear-cut" Attachment Phase

Back 35

6-8 months to 18 months

• Separation Anxiety
• Secure Base

Front 36

Formation of a reciprocal relationship

Back 36

18 months to 2 years

• Separation Anxiety declines
• Negotiate with caregiver

Front 37

Internal Working Model

Back 37

Set of expectations about the availability of attachment figures and if they will provide support during times of stress.

Front 38

What becomes a vital part of personality, serving as a guide for all future relationships?

Back 38

The Internal Working Model

Front 39

What is the Strange Situation?

Back 39

Experiment for 1 and 2 year old where they are in a unfamiliar room, first with their parent, then with an unfamiliar caregiver.

Front 40

Secure attachment

Back 40

Infant uses parent as a secure base. Will cry when separated. When parent returns actively seeks contact.

• Crying reduced immediately.
  

Front 41

Avoidant attachment

Back 41

Infant unresponsive to parent. Reacts to stranger the same way. Slow to greet the returning parent.

Front 42

Resistant Attachment

Back 42

1. Fail to explore and seek closeness of parent.
   
2. Distressed when parent leaves
   
3. Returning parents greeted with clingy and angry behavior.
   
4. Crying continues.
   

Front 43

Disorganized/disoriented attachment

Back 43

• Pattern reflects greatest insecurity
  
• Confused behaviors
  
• Dazed facial expression
  
• Cry unexpectedly.
  

Front 44

Attachment Q-Sort

Back 44

Children between 1 - 4. Highly trained observer sorts 90 behaviors, then puts them into 9 categories based on descriptive vs not descriptive.

Front 45

What is a flaw with the Q-Sort Method

Back 45

Requires the observer to stand for several hours. Very time consuming

Front 46

What is the most common attachment pattern in all societies?

Back 46

Secure Attachment

Front 47

How late can a first attachment develop?

Back 47

4 to 6 years old

Front 48

How early do institutionalized children show reduced ERP brain waves in response to facial expressions of emotion.

Back 48

7 months

Front 49

What do adopted children who stayed in an insinuation show signs of?

Back 49

An atypically large amygdala. This effects understanding of emotion and poor emotional self-regulation.

Front 50

Sensitive Caregiving

Back 50

Responding quickly and consistently to the infant by holding them tenderly & carefully.

Front 51

International Synchrony

Back 51

Special communication: "Emotional Dance" responding to infant signals in a well timed fashion.

Front 52

What causes avoidant attachment?

Back 52

Over-stimulation of the baby

Front 53

What causes Resistant attachment?

Back 53

inconsistent care to infant signals.

Front 54

What is attachment the result of?

Back 54

A relationship between two partners

Front 55

Why is supporting language development good to help toddler's develop compliance?

Back 55

They have the language to express what's going on, they know a word other than "No."

Front 56

Why is gradually introducing rules and giving advanced notice good for toddlers to develop compliance?

Back 56

So they have time to adapt to the situation.

Front 57

What is Temperament?

Back 57

How the child behaves.

• Different dispositions are often correlated to genetics.

Front 58

What temperament distinctions are people born with?

Back 58

Introversion & Extroversion

Front 59

What did Freud believe the primary source of attachment was?

Back 59

Feeding

Front 60

Who is Lorenz?

Back 60

Disagreed with Freud, people are wired to develop attachments.

Front 61

Who is Harlow?

Back 61

Disagreed with Freud, Attachment related to physical comfort. (Contact Comfort)

Front 62

Are you born needing physical contact?

Back 62

Yes

Front 63

What did Bowlby believe?

Back 63

People had a need to feel secure & safe.

Front 64

What do mother's do to produce securely attached babies?

Back 64

Sensitive to infants' needs .

• Aware of Feelings and Moods
• Face-to-face interaction
• Feed on demand
• Warmth & affection
• Respond rapidly to positive cues.

Front 65

What do father's do to produce securely attached babies?

Back 65

Sensitive to infants' needs .

• Aware of Feelings and Moods
  
• Face-to-face interaction
  
• Feed on demand
  
• Warmth & affection
  
• Respond rapidly to positive cues.
  
• Support and Guidance

It is much harder for men to pick up emotional cues, so they struggle more dealing with children.

Front 66

Define Self Recoginition

Back 66

Around age 2, toddlers identify themselves as a unique being

Front 67

Scale errors

Back 67

Attempting to do things that their body size makes impossible.

Front 68

Empathy

Back 68

Ability to understand another's emotional state and feel with that person, or respond emotionally in a similar way.

Front 69

Categorical Self

Back 69

Classify themselves & others based on the basis of age. sex, physical characteristics, and even goodness versus badness.

Front 70

Compliance

Back 70

Show awareness of caregivers' wishes & can obey or reject simple requests and commands.

Front 71

Delay of Gratification

Back 71

Waiting for an appropriate time and place to engage in a tempting act.