Psychology Chapter 5 And 6

Front 1

Learning

Back 1

a relatively permanent change in behavior that is brought about by experience.

Front 2

Classical Conditioning

Back 2

A type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to bring about a response after it is paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about that response.

Front 3

Neutral Stimulus

Back 3

A stimulus that before conditioning, does not naturally bring about the response of interest.

Ex. Bell before dog learns bell means food

Front 4

Unconditioned stimulus UCS

Back 4

A stimulus that naturally brings about a particular response without having been learned

Ex. Smelling food.

Front 5

Unconditioned Response UCR

Back 5

A response that is natural and needs no training

Ex. Salivation at the smell of food

Front 6

Conditioned stimulus CS

Back 6

A once neutral stimulus that has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus to bring about a response formerly caused only by the unconditioned stimulus.

Ex. Bell after dog learns bell means food.

Front 7

Conditioned Response CR

Back 7

A response that, after conditioning, follows a previously neutral stimulus

Ex. salivating at the ringing of a bell. Pet running to you after food can is open

Front 8

Extinction

Back 8

A basic phenomenon of learning that occurs when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency and eventually disappears.

Front 9

Spontaneous recovery

Back 9

The reemergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest and with no further conditioning.

Front 10

Stimulus generalization

Back 10

A process in which, after stimulus has been conditioned to produce a particular response, stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus produce the same response

Front 11

Stimulus discrimination

Back 11

The process that occurs if two stimuli are sufficiently distinct from one another that one evokes a conditioned response but the other does not; the ability to differentiate between stimuli

Front 12

Reinforcement

Back 12

The process by which a stimulus increases the probability that a preceding behavior will be repeated

Front 13

Reinforcer

Back 13

A stimulus that increases the probability that a preceding behavior will occur again

Front 14

Operant conditioning

Back 14

Learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weekend, depending on its favorable or unfavorable consequences

Front 15

Positive reinforcer

Back 15

The stimulus added to the environment that brings about an increase in a preceding response

Front 16

Negative reinforcer

Back 16

An unpleasant stimulus whose removal leads to an increase in the probability that a preceding response will be repeated in the future

Front 17

Punishment

Back 17

A stimulus that decreases the probability that a previous behavior will occur again

Positive - adding something

Negative - removing something

Pros - appropriate for dangerous behaviors and may provide an opportunity to reinforce more desirable the behavior

Cons - frequently ineffective, harmful side effects, does not relay information about alternative, more desired behavior

Front 18

Schedules of reinforcement

Back 18

Different patterns of frequency and timing of reinforcement following desired behavior

Front 19

Continuous reinforcement schedule

Back 19

Reinforcing of a behavior every time it occurs

Front 20

Partial (or intermittent) reinforcement schedule

Back 20

Reinforcing of a behavior some but not all of the time.

Front 21

Fixed-ratio schedule

Back 21

A schedule by which reinforcement is given only after a specific number of responses are made.

Ex. Delivering a food pellet to a rat after it presses a bar five times.

Front 22

Variable-ratio schedule

Back 22

The schedule by which reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses rather than after a fixed number.

Ex. Gambling and lottery games

Front 23

Fixed-interval schedule

Back 23

A schedule that provides reinforcement for a response only for fixed time period has elapsed, making overall rates of response relatively low.

Ex. reinforcing a rat with a lab pellet for the first bar press after a 30 second interval has elapsed.

Front 24

Variable-interval schedule

Back 24

A schedule by which the time between reinforcements varies around some average rather than being fixed.

Ex. delivering a food pellet to a rat after the first bar press following a one minute interval, another pellet for the first response following a five minute interval, and a third food pellet for the first response following a three minute interval.

Front 25

Shaping

Back 25

The process of teaching a complex behavior by rewarding closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.

Front 26

Cognitive learning theory

Back 26

An approach to the study of learning that focuses on the thought processes that underlie learning.

Front 27

Latent learning

Back 27

Learning in which a new behavior is acquired but is not demonstrated until some incentive is provided for displaying it

Front 28

Observational learning

Back 28

Learning by observing the behavior of another person, or model.

Aka the social cognitive approach to learning.

Front 29

Stimulus control training

Back 29

Behavior is reinforced in the presence of a specific stimulus, but not in its absence

Front 30

Discriminative stimulus

Back 30

Signals the likelihood that reinforcement will follow a response

Front 31

Behavior modification

Back 31

Technique for promoting frequency of desirable behaviors and decreasing unwanted ones

Front 32

Sensory memory

Back 32

The initial, momentary storage of information, lasting only an instant

Front 33

Short-term memory

Back 33

Memory that holds information for 15 to 25 seconds

Front 34

Long-term memory

Back 34

Memory that stores information on a relatively permanent basis, although it may be difficult to retrieve

Front 35

Chunk

Back 35

A grouping of information that can be stored in short-term memory

Front 36

Rehearsal

Back 36

The repetition of information that has entered short-term memory

Front 37

Working memory

Back 37

A set of active, temporary memory stores that actively manipulate and rehearse information

Front 38

Declarative memory

Back 38

Memory for factual information: names, faces, dates, and the like.

Ex. George Washington is the first president of the United States.

Front 39

Procedural memory

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Memory for skills and habits, such as riding a bike or hitting a baseball; sometimes referred to as nondeclarative memory

Ex. Riding a bike.

Front 40

Semantic memory

Back 40

Memory for general knowledge and facts about the world, as well as memory for the rules of logic that are used to deduce other facts.

Ex. George Washington wore a wig.

Front 41

Episodic memory

Back 41

Memory for events that occur in a particular time, place, or context.

Ex. Vacation to Washington DC

Front 42

Semantic networks

Back 42

Mental representations of clusters of interconnected information

Front 43

Tip of the tongue phenomenon

Back 43

The inability to recall information that one realizes one knows- a result of the difficulty of retrieving information from long-term memory

Front 44

Recall

Back 44

Memory task in which specific information must be retrieved

Front 45

Recognition

Back 45

Memory task in which individuals are presented with a stimulus and asked whether they have been exposed to it in the past or to identify it from a list of alternatives

Front 46

Levels of processing theory

Back 46

The theory of memory that emphasizes the degree to which new material is mentally analyzed

Front 47

Explicit memory

Back 47

Intentional or conscious recollection of information.

Front 48

Implicit memory

Back 48

Memories of which people are not consciously aware but that can affect subsequent performance and behavior.

Front 49

Priming

Back 49

Phenomenon in which exposure to a word or concept (called a prime) later makes it easier to recall related information, even when there is no conscious memory of the word or concept

Front 50

Flashbulb memories

Back 50

Memories related to a specific, important, or surprising event that are recalled easily and with vivid imagery

Front 51

Constructive processes

Back 51

Processes in which memories are influenced by the meaning we give to events

Front 52

Schemas

Back 52

Organized bodies of information stored in memory that bias the way new information is interpreted, stored, and recalled

Front 53

Decay

Back 53

The loss of information in memory through its non-use.

Front 54

Interference

Back 54

The phenomenon by which information in memory disrupts the recall of other information

Front 55

Cue-dependant forgetting

Back 55

Forgetting that occurs when there are insufficient retrieval cues to rekindle information that is in memory

Front 56

Proactive interference

Back 56

Interference in which information learned earlier disrupts the recall of material learned later.

Front 57

Retroactive interference

Back 57

Interference in which material that was learned later disrupts the retrieval of information that was learned earlier

Front 58

Alzheimer's Disease

Back 58

A progressive brain disorder that heads to a gradual and irreversible decline in cognitive abilities

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Amnesia

Back 59

Memory loss that occurs without other mental difficulties

Front 60

Retrograde amnesia

Back 60

Amnesia in which memory is lost for occurrences prior to a certain event but not for new events

Front 61

Anterograde amnesia

Back 61

Amnesia in which memory is lost for events that follow an injury

Front 62

Korsakoff's syndrome

Back 62

A disease that afflicts long-term alcoholics, leaving some abilities intact but including hallucinations and a tendency to repeat the same story