Psychology Chapter 5-7

Front 1

Consciousness

Back 1

A person's subjective experience of the world and the mind, your conscious is utterly private, being aware

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Phenomenology

Back 2

How things seem to the conscious person

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Problem of Other Minds

Back 3

The difficulty we have in perceiving the conscious mind of others. There's no way you can tell if another person's experience is the same as yours

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Experience

Back 4

The ability to feel pain, pleasure, hunger, anger or fear

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Agency

Back 5

Such as the ability for self control, planning, memory and thought

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4 Basic Consciousness Properties

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1) Intentionality: Being direct, always about something
2) Unity: Can you attend to two things or not
3) Selectivity: The capacity to include some objects but not others
4) Transience: The tendency to change like a stream

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Cocktail Party Phenomenon

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People tune in on message while they filter out others nearby

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Levels of Consciousness

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1) Minimal Consciousness: Occurs when the mind inputs sensation and may output behavior
2) Full Consciousness: Is the level of awareness in which you know and are able to report your mental state
3) Self Consciousness: In which the person's attention is drawn to the self as an object (embarrassing feelings)

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Mental Control

Back 9

The attempts to change conscious states of mind

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Thought Suppression

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The conscious avoidance a thought

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Rebound Effect of Thought Suppression

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The tendency of a thought to return to consciousness with greater frequency following suppression

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Ironic Processes of Mental Control

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Proposes that such ironic errors occur because the mental process that monitors errors can itself produce them.

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Dynamic Unconscious

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Hidden memories the person's deepest instincts and desires and the person's inner struggle to control these forces (Aka sexual thoughts)

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Repression

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A mental process that remains unacceptable thoughts and memories from consciousness and keep them in the unconscious

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Cognitive Unconscious

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Includes all the mental processes that are not experienced by a person but that give rise to the person's thoughts, choices, emotions and behavior even though there not experienced by the person

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Subliminal Perception

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When thoughts or behavior is influenced by stimuli that a person cannot consciously report preciving

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Altered State of Consciousness

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A form of experience that departs significantly from the normal subjective experience of the world and the mind

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Circadian Rhythm VS REM Sleep

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Circadian Rhythm: A naturally occurring 24 hour cycle
REM Sleep: Rapid eye movement (sleep)

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Insomnia

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Difficulty falling and staying awake

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Sleep Apnea

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A disorder in which the person stops breathing for brief periods while sleeping

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Somnambulism

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(Sleep Walking) Person walks around in their sleep. It's safe to wake up or lead a person back to bed

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Narcolepsy

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In which sudden sleep attacks occur in the middle of waking activities

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Night Terrors

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(Sleep Terrors) Are abrupt awakening with panic and intense emotional arousal

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Freud Dream Theory

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Dreams represent wishes. some of these wishes are so unacceptable, taboo, or anxiety producing that the mind can only express them in dreams.

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Activation Synthesis Model

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The mind doesn't have access to external sensations but it keeps on doing what it usually does: interpreting information. trying to make sense of random neural firing

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Psychoactive Drugs

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Are chemicals that influence consciousness or behavior by altering brains chemicals message systems.

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Drug Tolerance

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The tendency for larger does to be required in order to receive the same effect again

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Physical Dependency

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When pain, convulsions, hallucinations, or other unpleasant symptoms accompany withdrawal

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Psychological Dependency

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A strong desire to return to the drug even when physical withdrawal symptoms are gone

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Depressants

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A substance that reduce the activity of the central nervous system, have a sedative calming effects. Alcohol, Benzodiazepines/Barbiturates, Toxic Inhalents

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Expectancy Theory

Back 31

Suggest that alcohol effects are produced by people's expectations of how alcohol will affect them

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Alcohol Myopia

Back 32

Which proposes that alcohol hampers, leading people to respond in simple ways to complex situations

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Stimulants

Back 33

Are substances that excite the central nervous system, heightening arousal and activity levels. Amphetamines, MDMA (Ecstasy), Nicotine, Cocaine

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Narcotics/Opiates

Back 34

Drugs Derived from opiates that are capable of relieving pain, induce a feeling of well-being. Opium, Heroin, Morphine, Methadone

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Marijuana

Back 35

Retrieved from the leaves and buds of the hemp plant, that produce an intoxication that's mildly hallucinogenic

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Hallucinogens

Back 36

Drugs that alter sensation and perception, often causing hallucinations. LSD, PCP, Mescaline

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Hypnosis

Back 37

An altered state of Consciousness characterized by susceptibility and feeling that are actions are occurring involuntarily

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Hypnotic Analgesia

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The reduction of pain through hypnosis in people who are susceptible

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Meditation

Back 39

The practice of intentional contemplation, produces alpha waves

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Waking Consciousness

Back 40

States in which thoughts, feeling, sensations are clear, organized, alertness

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Mind/Body Problem

Back 41

The issue of how the mind is related to the brain and body (body is a machine and mind is separate thinking substance)

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Superachiasmatic Nucleus

Back 42

Deep within the hypothalamus (internal clock) tells people when to wake up and when to fall asleep

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Micosleep

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Brief sleep steps into sleep lasting only a few seconds

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Sleep Deprivation

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Any significance loss of sleep resulting in problems in memory and excessive aggression

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Adaptive Theory VS Restorative Theory

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Adaptive Theory: Evolved sleep patterns to avoid predictors
Restorative Theory: Physical health,serves to replenish chemicals and repairs cellular damage

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Waves

Back 46

Beta Waves: Awake
Alpha Waves: Relaxation
They a Waves: Extreme relaxation
Delta Waves: Sleep

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Lucid Dreaming

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Awareness of dreaming during a dream

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Memory

Back 48

The ability to store and retrieve information over time, combining information we already have with information already constructed

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Encoding

Back 49

The process by which we transform what we perceive, think, or feel into an enduring memory

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Storage

Back 50

The process of maintaining information in memory over time (holding onto)

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Retrieval

Back 51

The process of bringing to mind information that has been previously encoded or stored

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Semantics Judgement

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Thinking about the meanings of words

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Visual Judgement

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Thinking about the appearance of the words

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Elaborate Encoding

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Which is the process of activity relating new information with knowledge that's already acquired

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Visual Imagery Encoding

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The process of storing new information by converting it into mental pictures

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Organizational Encoding

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The process of categorizing information according to relationships among a series of items

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Sensory Memory

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Holds sensory information and memories for a few seconds

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Iconic Memory VS Echoic Memory

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Iconic: Is a fast decaying store of visual information
Echoic: Is a fast decaying store of auditory information

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Short Term Memory

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Which holds nonsense information for more than a few seconss

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Rehearsal

Back 60

The process of keeping information in the memory through repetition

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Anterograde Amnesia

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Which is the inability to transfer new information from the short term memory into the long term memory

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Retrograde Amnesia

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Which is the inability to retrieve information that was acquired before a particular date, usually the date of an injury or operation

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Information Processing Model

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Sensory input -> Sensory memory -> Short term memory -> Long term memory

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Consolidation

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A process by which memory becomes stable in the brain. can again be vulnerable to disruption when they are called, thus requiring them to be consolidated again

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Long Term Memory (Aka LTM)

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The process whereby communication across the synapse between neurons strengthens the connection making further communication easier

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NMDA Receptors

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Influence the flow of information between neurons by controlling the initiation of LTP in most hippocampal pathways. Neurons that fire together white together

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Retrieval Cues

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Which is external information that is associated with stored information and helps bring to mind that information

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Encoding Specificity Principal

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Retrieval cues can help to re-create how the information was encoded. The environment itself is a retrieval cue

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State Dependent Retrieval

Back 69

Is the tendency for information to be better recalled when the person is in the same state during encoding and retrieval

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Transfer Appropriate Processing

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States that memory is likely to transfer from one situation to another when the encoding context of the situations match

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Retrieval Induced Forgetting

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The process in which retrieving an item from long term memory impairs subsequent recall of related items. The ones that are not recalled are weakened in memory

Front 72

Explicit Memory (Aka EM) (LTM)

Back 72

Occurs when people consciously or intentionally retrieve past experiences

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Implicit Memory (Aka IM) (LTM)

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Occurs when past experiences influences later behavior and performance, even though people are not trying to recall them. And are not aware that they are remembering them

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Procedural Memory (IM)

Back 74

Refers to the gradual acquisition of skills as a result of practice or "knowing how" to do things (Aka the ability to bike)

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Priming (IM)

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Refers to an enhanced ability to think of a stimulus, such as a word or object as a result of a recent exposure to the stimulus

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Semantic Memory (EM)

Back 76

Is a network of associated facts and concepts that make up general knowledge

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Episodic Memory (EM)

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Is the collection of past personal experiences that occurs at a particular time and place.

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Transience

Back 78

Forgetting what occurs with the passage of time

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Herman Ebbinghaus (1870)

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Created the curve of forgetting

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Retroactive Interference

Back 80

Which occurs when later learning impairs memory for information acquired earlier

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Proactive Interference

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Earlier learning impairs memory for information acquired later

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7 Sins of Memory

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1) Transience
2) Absentmindedness: Lapse of attention resulting in memory failure
3) Blocking: Failure to retrieve information
4) Memory misattribution: Assigning a recollection or an idea to the wrong source

Front 83

Sins Continued

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5) Suggestibility: Tendency to incorporate misleading information from external sources onto personal recollections
6) Bias: Influence if present knowledge on recollection of precious experiences
7) Persistence: Intrusive recollection of events that we wish we could forget

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Flashbulb Memories

Back 84

Detailed recollections of when and where we head about shocking news

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False Recognition

Back 85

Which is a feeling of familiarity about something that hasn't been encountered before

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Parallel Distribution Processing

Back 86

Memory processes occur at the same time over large neural networks

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Shallow Processing

Back 87

Just hearing the sounds of the words does not help you learn the word

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Deep Processing

Back 88

Thinking about the meaning of the word and then using it

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Information Processing Model

Back 89

Assumes that processing of information for memory storage is similar to the way a computer processes information

Front 90

Attention Processes

Back 90

Acts like a filter, giving more energy to processing what's important and filtering out what isnt

Front 91

Selective Attention

Back 91

The ability to focus on only one stimulus at a time

Front 92

Chunking

Back 92

Combining small pieces of information into larger clusters of chunks that are more easily held in short term memory

Front 93

Elaborative Rehearsal

Back 93

A method of transferring information to the LTM by making that information meaningful in some way

Front 94

Procedural Memory (LTM)

Back 94

Includes memory for skills, procedures and habits. Some memories are not conscious but affect conscious behavior

Front 95

Declarative Memory (LTM)

Back 95

Information conscious and known to a person, personal memories and facts ( I do declare)

Front 96

Serialposition Effect

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Tendency for information at the beginning and the end to be remembered better

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Primary Effect VS Recency Effect

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Primary Effect: Tendency to remember information at the beginning
Recency Effect: Tendency to remember information at the end

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Encoding Failure

Back 98

Failure to process information into memory

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Decay

Back 99

Loss of memory due to passage of time (both short term and long term memory)

Front 100

Mnmonist

Back 100

People with phenomenal memory

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Learning

Back 101

Involves the acquisition of new knowledge, skills, or responses from experience that result in a relatively permanent change in the state of learners

Front 102

Classical Conditioning

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Occurs when a neutral stimulus produces a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally produces a response

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Unconditional Stimulus (US)

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Something that produces a natural reaction in an organism (ex. food)

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Unconditional Response (UR)

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A reflexive reaction that is reliably produced by an unconditional stimulus (ex. salvation due to food)

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Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Back 105

A stimulus that is initially neutral and produces no reliable response to an organism (ex. running fork plus food)

Front 106

Conditioned Response (CR)

Back 106

A reaction that resembles an unconditional response but is produced by a conditioned stimulus (ex. salvation due to tunning fork)

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Acquisition

Back 107

The phase of classical conditioning when the conditioned stimulus and the unconditional stimulus are presented together

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Second-Orders Conditioning

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When Two things are pairs together an a conditioned response is produced by the an unexpected second object. (ex. black square and tunning fork but the black square produces salvation rather than the fork)

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Extinction

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The gradual elimination of a learned response that occurs when the US is no longer there

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Spontaneous Recovery

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The tendency of a learned behavior to recover from extinction after a period of inactivity

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Generalization

Back 111

In which the CR is observed even though the CS is slightly different from the original one. (ex. little Alberto afraid of white rats and any animal that's white)

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Discrimination

Back 112

The capacity to distinguish between similar but distinct stimulus

Front 113

Watson and Little Alberto

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Watson conditioned little Albert to fear white rats

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Biological Preparedness

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Some associations and behavior are relatively easier to condition in some species but not in others

Front 115

Edward Thorndike (1898)

Back 115

Instrumental Behaviors: Behavior that requires an organism to do something to solve a problem or otherwise manipulate elements of its environment

Front 116

Law of Effect

Back 116

Which states that behavior that are followed by a satisfying state of affairs tends to be repeated and those behaviors that are followed by an unpleasant state of affairs are less likely to be repeated

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Operate Conditioning

Back 117

Is a type of learning in which the consequences of an organisms behavior determine whether it will be repeated in the future

Front 118

B.F Skinner (1904-1990)

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Operate Behavior: To refer to a behavior that an organism produces that has the same impact on the environment
Skinner Box: Rat inside box pushed lever for food and got shocked

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Reinforcement

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Is any stimulus or event that functions to increase the likely good of the behavior that led it it

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Punisher

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Is any stimulus or event that functions to decrease the likelihood of the behavior that led to it

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Positive Reinforcement

Back 121

When a rewarding stimulus is presented. Something is present to increase behavior

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Positive Punishment

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When an unpleasant stimulus is administered. Stimulus is presented to decrease behavior

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Negative Reinforcement

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When an unpleasant stimulus is removed. Stimulus removed to increase behavior

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Negative Punishment

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When a rewarding stimulus is removed. Stimulus removed to decrease behavior

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Fixed Interval (FI) Schedule

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Reinforces are presented at fixed times, provided that the appropriate response is made (ex. on a 2-minute schedule)

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Variable Interval (VI) schedule

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A behavior is reinforced based on an average time that has expired since the last reinforcement (ex. A 2-minute interval Schedule on average)

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Fixed Ratio (FR) Schedule

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Reinforcement is delivered after a specific number of responses have been made (ex. every fifth response)

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Variable Ration (VR) Schedule

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The delivery of a reinforcement is based on a particular average number of responses (ex. casino slot machines)

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Intermittent Reinforcement

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When only some of the responses made are followed by reinforcement

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Intermittent Reinforcement Effect

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Operate Behavior that is maintained under intermittent reinforcement schedules resist extinction better than those maintained under continuous reinforcement

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Shaping

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Learning from the result of reinforcement of successive steps to a final desires behavior (ex. Sea world dolphin performances)

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Latent Learning

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Something is learned, but it is not manifested as a behavioral change until sometime later in the future

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Cognitive Map

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A mental representation of the mental features of the environment

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Observational Learning

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In which learning takes place by watching the actions of others

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Albert Bandura and The Bono Doll

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Adults aggressively played with a bobo doll and when children played alone with the doll they mimicked the parents behavior. (MIRROR NEURONS)

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Diffusion Chain

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When individuals initially learned a behavior by observing another individual perform that behavior, and then serve as a model from which other individuals learn that behavior

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Tomasello and Colleagues (1993)

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Enculturation Hypothesis: Being raised in a human culture has a profound effect on the cognitive abilities of chimpanzees, especially their ability to understand in intentions of others when performing tool tasks

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Implicit Learning

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Learning that takes place largely independent of awareness of both the process and the products of information acquisition (occurs without awareness, knowledge that sneaks up)

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Habituation

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A general process in which repeated or prolonged exposure to a stimulus results in a gradual reduction in response