Psychology Chapter 5

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STREAM OF CONSCIOUSNESS

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a person's thoughts and conscious reactions to events, perceived as a continuous flow

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CONSCIOUSNESS

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the state of being awake and aware of one's surroundings.

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CONTROLLED PROCESSES

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as a process that is under the flexible, intentional control of the individual, that he or she is consciously aware of, and that are effortful and constrained by the amount of attentional resources available at the moment.

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AUTOMATIC PROCESSES

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and controlled processes (ACP) are the two categories of cognitive processing. All cognitive processes fall into one or both of those two categories.

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UNCONSCIOUS THOUGHT

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Unconscious thought theory (UTT) posits that the unconscious mindis capable of performing tasks outside of one's awareness, and thatunconscious thought (UT) is better at solving complex tasks, where many variables are considered

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SLEEP

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a condition of body and mind such as that which typically recurs for several hours every night, in which the nervous system is relatively inactive, the eyes closed, the postural muscles relaxed, and consciousness practically suspended.

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BIOLOGICAL RHYTHMS

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There are daily rhythms to many of our physiological functions and activities....our sleep, body temperature, alertness, neurotransmitter levels, etc. Many of these rhythms run on a cycle of about 24 hours. Rhythms that run on this 24 cycle are called "Circadian Rhythms".

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CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS

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are physical, mental and behavioral changes that follow a roughly 24-hour cycle, responding primarily to light and darkness in an organism's environment. They are found in most living things, including animals, plants and many tiny microbes. The study ofcircadian rhythms is called chronobiology

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SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS (SCN)

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nuclei (SCN) is a tiny region located in the hypothalamus, situated directly above the optic chiasm. It is responsible for controlling circadian rhythms.

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REM SLEEP

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is a unique phase of mammaliansleep characterized by random movement of the eyes, low muscle tone throughout the body, and the propensity of the sleeper to dream vividly.

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MANIFEST CONTENT

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includes the actual images, thoughts and content contained within the dream. The manifest content is the elements of the dream that we remember upon awakening.

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LATENT CONTENT

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ream is the hidden psychological meaning of the dream

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ACTIVATION-SYNTHESIS THEORY

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s the body and brain cycles through the day and night, the chemicals that activate the nerves of the brainstem shift and change. As they change, they trigger brain activity that activates memories that come to the surface during periods of the light REM sleep that we all experience.

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COGNITIVE THEORY OF DREAMING

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our dreams were a way of shaping our own ideas of the world. during dreams, we expressed creativity, similar to what we would do when expressing ourselves through art

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PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS

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chemical substances that act on the central nervous system to alter mood, perception, behavior, and/or consciousness. These drugs include sedatives, stimulants, hallucinogens, opiates, and psychiatric medications.

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TOLERANCE

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your body is getting used to the drug causing a reduction in its effectiveness

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PHYSICAL DEPENDENCE

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occurs when a drug has been chronically used so often that the body has developed tolerance to the substance and the person suffers withdrawal symptoms when they stop using the drug.

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ADDICTION

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Any time a person continues to exhibit harmful or obsessive behavior, we can say that they are addicted. There are many, many types of addictions, from gambling, to sex, to drugs and alcohol.

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DEPRESSANTS

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drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow down body functions

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ALCOHOLISM

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A chronic disease characterized by uncontrolled drinking and preoccupation with alcohol.

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BARBITURATES

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drugs that act as central nervous system depressants, and can therefore produce a wide spectrum of effects, from mild sedation to total anesthesia. They are also effective as anxiolytics, hypnotics, and anticonvulsants

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TRANQUILIZERS

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is used to reduce anxiety, fear, tension, agitation, and related states of mental disturbance.

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OPIATES

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analgesic alkaloid compounds found naturally in the opium poppy plant Papaver somniferum. The psychoactive compounds found in the opium plant include morphine, codeine, and thebaine.

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STIMULANTS

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psychoactive drugs that induce temporary improvements in either mental or physical functions or both. Examples of these kinds of effects may include enhanced alertness, wakefulness, and locomotion, among others

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HALLUCINOGENS

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From LSD to PCP to Ketamine, hallucinogens are widely used and abused drugs that produce profound disturbances in the user's perception of reality. There are naturally occurring hallucinogens as well, including peyote and psilocybin, better known as magic mushrooms.

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HYPNOSIS

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the induction of a state of consciousness in which a person apparently loses the power of voluntary action and is highly responsive to suggestion or direction. Its use in therapy, typically to recover suppressed memories or to allow modification of behavior by suggestion, has been revived but is still controversial.

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DIVIDED CONSCIOUSNESS VIEW OF HYPNOSIS

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Divided Consciousness Theory of HypnosisDuring hypnosis, our consciousness splits, so that one aspect of consciousness is not aware of the role other parts are playing

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SOCIAL COGNITIVE BEHAVIOR VIEW OF HYPNOSIS

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social cognitive behavior view of hypnosisThe perspective that hypnosis is a normal state in which the hypnotized person behaves the way he or she believes that a hypnotized person should behave.