Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
a procedure for gathering scientific information by studying a single individual
|
Case Method |
|
the group of people who are exposed to a particular manipulation, as compared to the experimental group, in an experiment
|
Control Group |
|
two variables are said to “covary” or be “correlated” when variations in the value of one variable are synchronized with variations in the value of the other
|
Correlation |
|
a mathematical measure of both the direction and strength of a correlation, which is symbolized by the letter “r”
|
Correlation Coefficient |
|
a verbal description of the true nature and purpose of a study
|
Debriefing |
|
those aspects of an observational setting that cause people to behave as they think someone else wants or expects
|
Demand Characteristics |
|
the variable that is measured in a study
|
Dependent Variable |
|
an observation whose true purpose is hidden from both the observer and the person being observed
|
Double-Blind |
|
a set of rules and techniques for observation
|
Empirical Method |
|
the belief that accurate knowledge can be acquired through observation
|
Empiricism |
|
a technique for establishing the causal relationship between variables
|
Experiment |
|
the group of people who are exposed to a particular manipulation, as compared to the control group, in an experiment |
Experiment Group |
|
an attribute of an experiment in which variables have been defined in a normal, typical, or realistic way |
External Validity |
|
a graphical representation of measurements arranged by the number of times each measurement was made |
Frequency Distribution |
|
a falsifiable prediction made by a theory |
Hypothesis |
|
the variable that is manipulated in an experiment
|
Independent Variable |
|
a written agreement to participate in a study made by an adult who has been informed of all the risks that participation may entail |
Informed Consent |
|
anything that can detect the condition to which an operational definition refers |
Instrument |
|
an attribute of an experiment that allows it to establish causal relationships |
Internal Validity |
|
changing a variable in order to determine its causal power |
Manipulation |
|
a technique whereby each participant is identical to one other participant in terms of a third variable |
Matched Pairs Technique |
|
a technique whereby the participants in two groups are identical in terms of a third variable |
Matched Samples Technique |
|
the average value of all the measurements |
Mean |
|
the value that is in the middle, that is, greater than or equal to half the measurements and less than or equal to half the measurements |
Median |
|
the value of the most frequently observed measurement |
Mode |
|
a correlation observed in the world around us |
Natural Correlation |
|
a technique for gathering scientific information by unobtrusively observing people in their natural environments |
Naturalistic Observation |
|
a mathematically defined distribution in which the frequency of measurements is highest in the middle and decreases symmetrically in both directions |
Normal Distribution |
|
a description of a property in concrete, measurable terms |
Operational Definition |
|
a complete collection of participants who might possibly by measured |
Population |
|
an instrument’s ability to detect small magnitudes of the property |
Power |
|
a procedure that lets chance assign people to the experimental or control group
|
Random Assignment |
|
a technique for choosing participants that ensures that every member of a population has unequal chance of being included in the sample
|
Random Sampling |
|
the value of the largest measurement in a frequency distribution minus the value of the smallest measurement
|
Range |
|
the tendency for an instrument to produce the same measurement whenever it is used to measure the same thing
|
Reliability |
|
a partial collection of people drawn from a population
|
Sample |
|
a procedure for finding truth by using empirical evidence
|
Scientific Method |
|
a problem that occurs when anything about a person determines whether he or she will be included in the experimental or control group
|
Self-Selection |
|
a statistic that describes the average difference between the measurements in a frequency distribution and the mean of that distribution
|
Standard Deviation |
|
a hypothetical explanation of a natural phenomenon
|
Theory |
|
two variables are correlated only because each is causally related to a third variable
|
Third-Variable Correlation |
|
the fact that a causal relationship between two variables cannot be inferred from the naturally occurring correlation between them because of the ever-present possibility of third-variable correlation
|
Third-Variable Problem |
|
the goodness with which a concrete event defines a property
|
Validity |
|
a property whose value can vary across individuals or over time
|
Variable |