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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Judgments about the causes of our own and other people's behavior and outcomes |
Attributions |
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This type of attribution states that people's behaviour is caused by their own characteristics |
Personal (internal) attributions |
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This type of attribution states that aspects of a situation cause people's behaviour |
Situational (external) attributions |
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Humans tend to overestimate personal attribution and underestimate situational attribution. For example we expect actors to have the same personality as their characters |
Fundamental attribution error |
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When it comes to explaining our own behavior, we tend to make relatively more personal attributions for successes and more situational attributions for failures |
Self-serving bias |
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Tendency to attach more importance to the initial info that we learn about a person |
Primacy effect |
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Takes over when we are told specifically to avoid making snap judgements |
Recency effect |
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Your wrong expectation causes the expected behaviour to happen. For example you smile less to the person you think is cold, so they act colder to you |
Sulf-fulfilling prophecy |
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A positive or negative evaluation toward a stimulus, such as a person, action, object, or concept |
Attitude |
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What are the three factors to explain why the attitudes affect behaviour in some cases, but do not in others |
- Attitudes influence behaviour more when counteracting situational factors are weak - Attitudes have a greater influence on behaviour when we are aware of them and when they are strongly held - General attitudes are better at predicting general class of behaviour, and specific attitudes are better at predicting specific behaviours |
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This theory states that people strive for consistency in their beliefs and actions, and that inconsistency creates unpleasant arousal that motivates people to restore balance by changing their cognitions |
Theory of cognitive dissonance |
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This theory states that you make inferences between your own behavoiur and attitudes just like you do with others. (against cognitive dissoance) |
Self-perception theory |
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This type of persuasion occurs when people think carefully about the message and are influenced because they find the arguments compelling |
Central route to persuasion |
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This type of persuasion occurs when people do not scrutinize the message but are influenced mostly by other factors, such as speakers attractiveness or emotional message |
Peripheral route to persuasion |
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This presence of another person increases our arousal and increases our dominant response. Example, if we are good at something or if it's easy, other people make us perform better. |
Social Facilitation |
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A change in behaviour or belief as a result of real or imagined group pressure |
Conformity |
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Conformity that involves publicly acting in accord with social pressure while privately disagreeing |
Compliance |
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Performing an action in response to a direct order |
Obedience |
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People put in less effort when working in a group |
Social loafing |
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Working harder to make up for loafing of others |
Social compensation |
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The loss of individuality that leads to disinhibited behaviour |
Deindividuation |
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Following the opinions or behaviour of other people because we believe they have accurate knowledge and know what they are doing is what type of influence ? |
Informational social influence |
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Conformity based on a desire to fulfill other's expectations, often to gain acceptance is an example of what type of influence ? |
Normative social influence |
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When others treat us well, we should respond in kind |
Norm of reciprocity |
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This technique involves a persuader making a large request, than expecting us to say no and then make a smaller request. For example, telemarketers who first ask for $25 , but then lower the price down to $2 are more likely to get a donation than if they were to directly ask for $2 |
Door-in-the-face Technique |
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This technique involves a persuader getting you to make a smaller request, and then makes a larger request. For example if someone were to first ask for advice on a word processing program, then after ask to help with a project by filling out a questionnaire, they would get more participants than if they were to just directly ask for the questionnaire |
Foot-in-the-door Technique |
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This technique involves a persuader getting you to commit to some behaviour and then before you actually perform the behaviour, increases the cost of that same behaviour. For example a car salesman negotiating to sell a car says the price is 8000, then says he needs to confirm the price with his manager and comes back saying that his manager says the price is too low and that he will only sell it for $400 more. |
Lowballing |
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The tendency for group members to suspend critical thinking because they are striving to seek agreement. Likely occurs when groups are under high stress and are insulated from outside input (ex. jury) |
Groupthink |
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What is the name of the study that had people looking at three lines and had everyone other than the subject agree on the wrong answer. What was the conformity percentage of this study ? |
Asch's Line Studies, 33% yielded to group pressure |
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Repeated exposure to a stimulus typically increases our liking for it |
Mere exposure effect |
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What percent of brides and grooms lived within 20 blocks of each other before marriage |
50% |
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This study showed that people who were presented with descriptions of others with similar attitudes found those people more attractive than those who were presented who dissimilar attitudes |
Byrne study - Matching phenomenon |
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The tendency to have contact with people who are equal in social status as you |
Homophily |
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When provided with pictures of both men and women, participants consistently chose the "average" looking faces rather than the "extreme faces" that looked like models. True or False |
True |
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Attractive people are seen as having other positive attributes (except in the courtroom) |
Halo effect |
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There is a higher consensus among women to what the most attractive male attributes are compared to a lower consensus among men for what they think are the most attractive attributes for women. True or false |
False, men have a higher consensus that they prefer baby-faced, thin & seductive, confident women |
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This theory proposes that the course of a relationship is governed by rewards and costs that the partners experience. Rewards include companionship, emotional support, and the satisfaction of other needs. Costs may include the effort spent to maintain the relationship, arguments, conflicting goals, and so forth. |
Social exchange theory |
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The outcome one expects from a relationship, determines satisfaction with it |
Comparison level |
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Intense emotion, arousal, and yearning for the partner (less stable) is an example of what type of love |
Passionate love |
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Affection, deep caring about their well-being, and a commitment to "being there" for them is an example of what type of love |
Companionate love |
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Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love is a combination of what three components |
1. Passion 2. Liking 3. Commitment |
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Liking, infatuation and empty love are connected to what three components of love |
Liking - Intimacy alone Empty love - Commitment alone Infatuation - Passion alone |
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A negative attitude toward people based on their membership in a group |
Prejudice |
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This part of the brain is related to implicit racism |
Amygdala |
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This theory states that competition for limited resources fosters prejudice |
Realistic conflict theory |
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This theory states that prejudice stems from a need to enhance our self-esteem and that derogating other groups makes us feel better |
Social identity theory |
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The fear that you will live up to a stereotype about your group causes you to perform poorly and actually causes the stereotype to be true. For example if a test is described as an "intelligence test" black people do worse than white people. If it is called a "lab test" they do not. |
Stereotype threat |
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We should help others and contribute to the welfare of society |
Norm of social responsibility |
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High empathy causes us to feel distress when others suffer, so by helping them we reduce our own personal distress |
Negative state relief |
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Altrustic behaviour is not learned, but is innate. True or false |
True |
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The presence of multiple bystanders inhibits each persons tendency to help, due to social comparison and diffusion of responsibility. For example Kitty Genovese being killed in cold blood in the middle of the street and no one helping or calling the police. |
Bystander effect |
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People get what they deserve (victim blaming) so they are responsible for their situation and I don't need to help them. |
Just world hypothesis |
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All frustration causes aggression, and all aggression is caused by frustration. True or False |
False, some people respond peacefully or with despair. Pain, provocation, crowding and heat also cause aggression. |
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This hormone causes social aggression |
Testosterone |
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This part of the brain is responsible for impulse control, impulsive killers have less activity here. |
Frontal lobe |
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When other's negative behaviour is intentional, we are more aggressive, what psychodynamic factor does this describe ? |
Attribution of intentionality |
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Aggression discharges aggressive energy and temporarily reduces impulse to aggress |
Catharsis |
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A steady diet of violent movies makes you more violent. True or False |
True |
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During the Stanely Milgram Experiment, what percentage of people were obedient ? |
65% |
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Out of 40 subjects during the revised version of the Stanley Milgram experiment that had the participants not shocking the person but telling someone else to do it, how many people conformed ? |
37, almost 100% |
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Performing a desired bu prohibited act such as jay walking is an example of what repsonse |
Response disinhibitation |
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Copying perfectly allowable behaviour such as yawning is what type of response |
Response facilitation |
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This neurotransmitter causes emotional rage, especially low levels of it. |
Serotonin |