Psychology Chapter 13

Front 1

the tendency to make situational attributions for our own behaviours while making dispositional attributions for the identical behaviour of others

Back 1

Actor-Observer Effect

Front 2

behaviour with the purpose of harming another

Back 2

Aggression

Front 3

behaviour that benefits another without benefitting oneself

Back 3

Altruism

Front 4

an enduring positive or negative evaluation of an object or event

Back 4

Attitude

Front 5

an inference about the cause of a person’s behaviour

Back 5

Attribution

Front 6

an enduring piece of knowledge about an object or event

Back 6

Belief

Front 7

the act of helping strangers in an emergency situation

Back 7

Bystander Intervention

Front 8

an unpleasant state that arises when a person recognizes the inconsistency of his or her actions, attitudes, or beliefs

Back 8

Cognitive Dissonance

Front 9

the tendency for group discussions to focus on information that all members share

Back 9

Common Knowledge Effect

Front 10

an experience involving affection, trust, and concern for a partner’s well-being

Back 10

Companionate Love

Front 11

the outcome people feel they should receive, in terms of rewards and costs, from their relationship

Back 11

Comparison Level

Front 12

the availability, and the cost-benefit ratio, of an alternative outcome

Back 12

Comparison Level For Alternatives

Front 13

the tendency to do what others do simply because others are doing it

Back 13

Conformity

Front 14

behaviour by two or more individuals that leads to mutual benefit

Back 14

Cooperation

Front 15

the tendency to make a dispositional attribution even when we should instead make a situational attribution

Back 15

Correspondence Bias

Front 16

a phenomenon that occurs when immersion in a group causes people to become less aware of their individual values

Back 16

Deindividuation

Front 17

the tendency for individuals to feel diminished responsibility for their actions when they are surrounded by others who are acting the same way

Back 17

Diffusion Of Responsibility

Front 18

positive or negative behaviour toward another person based on his or her group membership

Back 18

Discrimination

Front 19

an influence strategy that involves getting someone to deny an initial request

Back 19

Door-In-The-Face Technique

Front 20

a state of affairs in which the cost-benefit ratios of two partners are roughly equal

Back 20

Equity

Front 21

a technique that involves making a small request and following it with a larger request

Back 21

Foot-In-The-Door Technique

Front 22

a principle stating that animals aggress when their goals are thwarted

Back 22

Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis

Front 23

a collection of people who have something in common that distinguishes them from others

Back 23

Group

Front 24

the tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than any member would have made alone

Back 24

Group Polarization

Front 25

The tendency for groups to reach consensus in order to facilitate interpersonal harmony

Back 25

Groupthink

Front 26

the process by which attitudes or beliefs are changed by appeals to habit or emotion

Back 26

Heuristic Persuasion

Front 27

a phenomenon that occurs when another person’s behaviour provides information about what is true

Back 27

Informational Influence

Front 28

the process by which evolution selects for individuals who cooperate with their relatives

Back 28

Kin Selection

Front 29

the tendency for liking to increase with the frequency of exposure

Back 29

Mere Exposure Effect

Front 30

a phenomenon that occurs when another person’s behaviour provides information about what is appropriate

Back 30

Normative Influence

Front 31

the unwritten rule that people should benefit those who have benefitted them

Back 31

Norm Of Reciprocity

Front 32

Customary standards for behaviour that are widely shared by members of a culture

Back 32

Norms

Front 33

the tendency to do what powerful people tell us to do

Back 33

Obedience

Front 34

an experience involving feelings of euphoria, intimacy, and intense sexual attraction

Back 34

Passionate Love

Front 35

the tendency for people to see what they expect to see

Back 35

Perceptual Confirmation

Front 36

a phenomenon that occurs when a person’s attitudes or beliefs are influenced by a communication from another person

Back 36

Persuasion

Front 37

a positive or negative evaluation of another person based on his or her group membership

Back 37

Prejudice

Front 38

behaviour that benefits another with the expectation that those benefits will be returned in the future

Back 38

Reciprocal Altruism

Front 39

the processes by which people come to understand others

Back 39

Social Cognition

Front 40

the hypothesis that people remain in relationships only as long as they perceive a favourable ratio of costs to benefits

Back 40

Social Exchange

Front 41

the ability to control another person’s behaviour

Back 41

Social Influence

Front 42

the tendency for people to expend less effort when in a group than when alone

Back 42

Social Loafing

Front 43

the study of the causes and consequences of sociality

Back 43

Social Psychology

Front 44

the fear of confirming the negative beliefs that others may hold

Back 44

Stereotype Threat

Front 45

the process by which people draw inferences about others based on their knowledge of the categories to which others belong

Back 45

Stereotyping

Front 46

the tendency for people who receive disconfirming evidence to modify their stereotypes rather than abandon them

Back 46

Subtyping

Front 47

the process by which attitudes or beliefs are changed by appeals to reason

Back 47

Systematic Persuasion