Psychology Chapter 13

Front 1

A kind of emotional attachment characterized by feelings of trust and companionship; this type of love is marked by a combination of intimacy and commitment, but passion may be lacking.

Back 1

Compassionate love

Front 2

An intense emotional state characterized by a powerful longing to be with a specific person; this type of love is marked by a combination of intimacy and passion, but commitment may be lacking.

Back 2

Passionate Love

Front 3

The form of compliance that occurs when people respond to the orders of an authority figure.

Back 3

Obedience

Front 4

The tendency for members of a group to become so interested in seeking a consensus of opinion that they start to ignore and even suppress dissenting views.

Back 4

Groupthink

Front 5

The tendency for a group’s dominant point of view to become stronger and more extreme with time. For example – if you join a group who somewhat believes that corporate crime is a big problem, as time goes on your group will become more convinced of that position.

Back 5

Group Polarization

Front 6

A group of individuals with whom one shares features in common, or with whom one identifies

Back 6

In Group

Front 7

The tendency to comply with the wishes of the group; when people conform, their opinions, feelings, and behaviors generally start to move toward the group norm.

Back 7

Conformity

Front 8

The loss of individuality, or depersonalization, that comes from being in a group. Often people are more willing to do things when they undergo this because they feel a lessening of responsibility. Example – Trashing stuff at a party.

Back 8

Deindividualization

Front 9

The tendency to put out less effort when working in a group compared to when working alone.

Back 9

Social Loafing

Front 10

The idea that when people know (or think) that others are present in a situation, they allow their sense of responsibility for action to diffuse, or spread out widely, among those who are present.

Back 10

Diffusion of Responsibility

Front 11

The reluctance to come to the aid of a person in need when other people are present.

Back 11

Bystander Effect

Front 12

Acting in a way that shows unselfish concern for the welfare of others. Helping others even though it might put us at risk.

Back 12

Altruism

Front 13

The impairment in performance that is sometimes found when an individual performs in the presence of others.

Back 13

Social Interference

Front 14

The enhancement in performance that is sometimes found when we perform in the presence of others.

Back 14

Social facilitations

Front 15

The study of how the behaviors and thoughts of individuals are affected by the presence of others.

Back 15

Social Influence

Front 16

The idea that people use observations of their own behavior as a basis for inferring their internal beliefs. For instance – people asked to sign a petition for safe driving were then asked a few weeks later to put a huge ugly safe driving sign in their front lawn. Participants were 3 times more likely to do it if they had been asked to sign the petition earlier than those who were being approached for the first time.

Back 16

Self-perception theory

Front 17

The tension produced when people act in a way that is inconsistent with their attitudes. If the discrepancy between what you believe and how you act is great, you will either (1) change your behavior, or (2) change your beliefs.

Back 17

Cognitive Dissonance

Front 18

Features of the person who is presenting a persuasive message, such as his or her attractiveness, amount of power, or fame.

Back 18

Source Characteristics

Front 19

Operates when we are either unable to process the message carefully or are unmotivated to do so. For example – being influenced by factors that have nothing to do with the product, like when we see beer commercials with talking frogs and we go out and buy that beer. When our motivation is low, we are much more likely to be persuaded by source characteristics – things such as celebrity, attractiveness or power.

Back 19

Perepheral Route to persuasion

Front 20

Occurs when we’re motivated and inclined to process an incoming persuasive communication with care and attention. For example – changing one’s beliefs on abortion after hearing a speech on it, then carefully weighing your opinion based on the information you’ve been presented with. These types of attitude changes are generally more stable and long-lasting.

Back 20

Central Route to Persuasion

Front 21

A model proposing two primary routes to persuasion and attitude change: a central route, which operates when we are motivated and focusing our attention on the message, and a peripheral route, which operates when we are either unmotivated to process the message or are unable to do so.

Back 21

Elaboration Likelihood Method

Front 22

Predisposition to act toward the object in a particular way. For example – You may spend every Sunday looking in the classifieds and complain about your landlord to anyone who will listen, because the way you act toward the situation has changed.

Back 22

Behavioral component of attitude

Front 23

Made up of the feelings that the object produces; and the behavioral component is a predisposition to act toward the object in a particular way. For example – When you see or think about your landlord, you get angry and slightly sick to your stomach.

Back 23

Affective component of attitude

Front 24

Represents what people know or believe about the object of their attitude. For example – knowing that your landlord has raised the rent 3 times in the last year, enters your apartment without asking permission, and he won’t let you keep your cat without a huge pet deposit.

Back 24

Cognitive component of attitude

Front 25

A positive or negative evaluation or belief held about something, which in turn may affect one’s behavior; these are typically broken down into cognitive, affective, and behavior components.

Back 25

Attitude

Front 26

The tendency to make internal attributions about one’s own behavior when the outcome is positive and to blame the situation when one’s behavior leads to something negative. For example – praising our hard work when we get an A on a psychology test, but bitching because the test was flawed if we get a 49/50.

Back 26

Self-serving bias

Front 27

The overall tendency to attribute our own behavior to external sources but the behaviors of others to internal sources. For example – justifying the fact that we’re tailgating someone because we’re late, or the other person is driving slow because they’re a jerk or something like that.

Back 27

Actor-observer bias

Front 28

When people seek to interpret someone else’s behavior, they tend to overestimate the influence of internal personal factors and underestimate the role of situational factors. For example – assuming the guy who is tailgating you is a jerk, instead of looking at the situation and thinking that maybe he has a pregnant wife in the backseat and needs to get her to the hospital.

Back 28

Fundamental Attribution Error

Front 29

Attributing the cause of a person’s behavior to an internal personality trait or disposition. This is common when the consistency of a behavior is high but its distinctiveness and consensus are low.

Back 29

Internal Attribution

Front 30

Attributing the cause of a person’s behavior to an external event or situation in the environment.

Back 30

External Attribution

Front 31

Tells us whether other people show similar reactions when they are exposed to the same causal event.

Back 31

Consensus

Front 32

Provides an indication of whether the change occurs uniquely in the presence of the event.

Back 32

Distinctiveness

Front 33

Trying to determine whether the change occurs regularly when causal event is present.

Back 33

Consistency

Front 34

Determines whether one event is causal by whether or not it happens at the same time as the occurring behavior, and whether it demonstrates consistency, distinctiveness and consensus.

Back 34

Covariation Model of Attribution

Front 35

The inference processes people use to assign cause and effect to a behavior.

Back 35

Attributions

Front 36

Behaviors that are directed against members of a group

Back 36

Discrimination

Front 37

Positive or negative evaluations of a group and its members.

Back 37

Prejudice

Front 38

A condition in which our expectations about the actions of another person actually lead that person to behave in the expected way.

Back 38

Self-fulfilling prophecy effect

Front 39

Assume we store memories of particular individuals and these individual memories form the basis of stereotypes

Back 39

Exemplar theories of stereotypes

Front 40

Assume we store abstract representations of the typical features of a group, then we judge particular individuals based on their similarity to the prototype.

Back 40

Prototype theories of stereotypes

Front 41

The collection of beliefs and impressions held about a group and its members; these commonly include ideas based on gender, race and age.

Back 41

Stereotypes

Front 42

A general knowledge structure, stored in long-term memory, that relates to social experiences or people

Back 42

Social schema

Front 43

The information we use to develop a first impression. We use this because no other information is available.

Back 43

Physical impression

Front 44

The study of how people use cognitive processes – such as perception, memory, thought, and emotion – to help make sense of other people as well as themselves.

Back 44

Social cognition