Psychology Chapter 12-13

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Social Psychology

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Is the study of the causes and consequences of sociality

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Aggression

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Is behavior whose purpose is to harm another (as a way of getting the resources they want)

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Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis

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Suggests that anime agrees when and only when their goals are frustrated (ex: robber wants money (goal) but the teller has it all locked up (frustration) so the robber threatens the teller with a gun (aggression))

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Biology and Culture in Aggression

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Biology: Aggression is strongly correlated with the presence of testosterone
Culture: Violent crime in the US is much more prevalent in the south, where men are taught to react aggressively when they feel their status has been challenged

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Cooperation And Group

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Cooperation: Behavior by two or more individual's that leads to mutual benefits
Group: Is a collection of people who have something in common that distinguishes them from others

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The Prisoners Dilemma

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Illustrates the Benefits and costs if cooperation

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Prejudice And Discrimination

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Prejudice: Is a positive or negative evaluation of another person vases in that person's group membership
Discrimination: Is a positive or negative behavior toward another person's based on that person's group membership

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Deindividuation

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She immersion in a group causes people to behave less concerned with their personal values (ex: lynching, rooting, and gang bangs)

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Diffusion of Responsibility

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When individual's feel diminished responsibility for their actions because they are surrounded by others who are acting the same way (alone we do the right thing, around people we may feel that it's somebody else's job to monitor out morality)

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Altruism

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Is behavior that benefits another without benefiting oneself

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Reciprocal Altruism

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Is behavior that benefits another with the expectations that those benefits will be returned in the future

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Kin Selection

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The process by which evolution selects for individual's who cooperate with their relatives (animal that promotes the survival of its relatives is actually promoting the survival of its own genes)

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Attraction: Situational Factors

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Physical proximity of those people involved, widen the opportunity for attraction by also provides the motivation

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Physical Factors

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Appearance influence attraction, men are more likely than women to acknowledge this fact. human faces are generally considered more attractive when they are symmetrical

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Psychological Attraction Factors

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People's inner qualities-Their personalities, point of view, attitude; play an important role. research suggests that we are most attracted to people who are generally similar to us

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Passionate Love VS Companionionate Love

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Passionate: Which is an experience involving feelings of euphoria, intimacy and intense sexual attraction (dissolves quickly)
Companionate: Which is experienced through affection, trust, and concerns for partner's well being (grows over time)

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Social Exchange

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The hypothesis that people remain in relationships only as long as they perceive a favorable ratio of costs to benefits

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Social Influence

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The ability to control another person's behavior

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The Hedonic Motive VS The Approval Motive

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Hedonic: People are motivated to experience pleasure and to avoid experiences of pain
Approval: They are motivated to be accepted and to avoid rejection

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Norms and Normative Influence

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Norms: Which are customary standards for behavior that are widely shared by members of a culture
Normative Influence: When another person's behavior provides information about what us appropriate

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Norm of Reciprocity

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Which is the unwritten rule that people should benefit those who have benefited them ( when a friend buys you lunch you return the favor, if you don't your friend gets miffed)

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Door in the Face Technique

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Is a strategy that uses reciprocating confessions to influence behavior (ex: Asking for a large favor they then say no so you, then ask for a smaller favor)

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Conformity And Obedience

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Conformity: The tendency to do what others do simply because others are doing it
Obedience: Is the tendency to do what powerful people tell us to do

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Psychology Stanley Milgram (1963)

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The electric shock obedience experiment

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The Accuracy Motive

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They are motivated to believe what is tight and to avoid believing what is wrong

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Attitude And Belief

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Attitude: Is an enduring positive or negative evaluation of an objects or event
Belief: Which is an enduring piece of knowledge about an object or event
Both: attitude (tells us its an Apple) belief (tells us to start by opening the fridge)

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Informational Influence

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Another person's behavior provides information about what is good or right

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Persuasion

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A person's attitude or belief are influenced by a communication of another person

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Systematic Persuasion

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Process by which attitudes or beliefs are changed by appeal to reason

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Heuristic Persuasion

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The process bye which attitudes or beliefs are changed by appeal to habit or emotion

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Cognitive Dissonance

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An unpleasant state that arises when a person recognises the inconsistency of his/her attitudes, actions, and beliefs (ex: whole telling a friend that her hairstyle is darling is inconsistency with the belief that her hairstyle is hideous)

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Stereotyping

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Is the process by which we draw inferences about others based on knowledge of the category to which they belong to

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Stereotyping can be...

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Inaccurate: to see for yourself or to take somebody else's word for it
Overused: me have greater upper body strength than women do. right on average by the upper body strength of individual's within each of these categories is varied

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Stereotyping can be....Continued

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Self Perpetuating: Once they take up residence inside us they perpetuate themselves and resistive out most concerted efforts to eradicate them
Automatic: Happens unconsciously and automatically (meaning that we often cannot avoid doing them even when we try)

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Attributions and Situational Attribution

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Attribution: Which are inferences about the causes of people's behaviors we make
Situational Attribution: When we decide that a person's behavior was caused by some temporary aspect of the situation in which is happened (he was lucky the wind carried the ball to the sands)

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Dispositional Attribution

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When we decide that a person's behavior was caused by his or her relatively enduring tendency to think (he's got a great eye and a powerful swing)

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Corresponding Bias

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Which is the tendency to make a disposition attribution even when a person's behavior as caused by the situation, it's common that it us sometimes called the fundamental attribution error. (ex: Question master and the contestant experiment)

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Actor-Observer Effect

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Is the tendency to make situational attributions for our own behavior while making disposition attributions for the identical behavior if others

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Medical Model

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The conceptualization of psychological disorders that, like physical disease, have biological causes, defined symptoms, an possible cures

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DSM-IV-TR

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Is a classification system that described the features used to diagnose each recognisable mental disorder and indicates how the disorder can be distinguished from other, similar problems

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To Qualify as a Mental Disorder

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1) Symptoms that disturb behaviors, thoughts and emotions
2) Symptoms are associated with significant personal distress or impairment
3) Symptoms stem from a internal dysfunction (biological, psychological or both)

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Comorbidity

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The co-occurrence of two or more disorders in a single individual

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Diathesis Stress Model

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A personal may be predisposed to a psychological disorder that remains unexpressed until triggered by stress (could be genes and the stress is the external trigger)

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Intervention Causation Fallacy

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Involves the assumption that if a treatment is to be effective, it must address the cause of the problem

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ANXIETY DISORDER (AD)

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The class of mental disorder in which anxiety is the predominate feature.

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Generalized Anxiety Disorder (AD)

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Chronic excessive worry is accompanied by three or more of the following symptoms: restlessness, fatigue, concentration problems, irritability, sleep disturbance

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Phobic Disorder (AD)

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A marked persistence, excessive fear and avoidance of specific objects, activities, and/or situations

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Specific Phobia (Phobia AD)

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An irrational fear of a particular object or situation that interferes with an individual's ability to function, can include fear of environment (heights, dark), situations (enclosed places, bridges), blood or injury, and illness or death

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Preparedness Theory (Phobia AD)

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If phobias which maintains that people are instinctively predisposed to certain fears (phobias are likely to form from objects that evolution has predisposed us to avoid)

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Panic Disorder (AD)

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The sudden occurrence of multiple psychological or physiological symptoms that contribute to a feeling of shark Terri, shortness of breath, heart palpitations, sweating, dizziness, feelings if detachment or unreality, and a fear that one is going crazy it about to die

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Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (AD)

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In which preoperative, instructive thoughts (obsessions) and ritualistic behavior (compulsive designs) to tend of those thoughts interference significantly with an individual's functions (produce anxiety and the compulsive behavior are performed to reduce it)

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MOOD DISORDER (MD)

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Mental disorder in which they patient has mental disturbances as their predominate feature, take a two main forms: depression and bipolar disorder

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Major Depressive Disorder (MD)

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(aka unipolar disorder) is characterized by a severely depressed mood that lasts 2 or more weeks and is accompanied by feelings of worthlessness and lack of pleasure, lethargy, and sleep/appetite disturbances

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Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD- depressive disorder MD)

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Recurrent depression episodes in a seasonal pattern that begins in fall/winter and remit in spring, a pattern that's due to the reduced level of light during the colder seasons

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Postpartum Depression (Depressive Disorder MD)

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Depression following childbirth due to hormone imbalance/ change in

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Helplessness Theory (Depressive Disorder MD)

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Which maintains that individual's who are prone to depression automatically attribute negative experiences to causes that are internal (fate), stable (unlikely to change), global (widespread). ex: student views bad grade as a sign of low intelligence (internal), that will never change (stable) that will lead to future problems (global)

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Bipolar Disorder (MD)

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An unstable emotional condition characterized by cycles if abnormal, persistent high mood (mania) and low mood (depression) symptoms include: grandiosity, decreases need for sleep, talkative, racing thoughts, distractibility, reckless behavior

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Dissociative Disorder (DD)

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A condition in which cognitive normal process are severely disorganized and fragmented, creating significant disruptions in memory, awareness, or personality that can vary in length from a matter of minutes to many years (a bit of dissociation of "splitting" of cognitive processes is normal)

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Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) (DD)

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Is characterized by the presence within an individual if two or more distinct identities that at different times take control of the individual's behavior (alternative personalities)

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Dissociative Fugue (DID) ( DD)

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The sudden loss of memory for one's personal history, accompanied by an abrupt departure from home and the assumption of a new identity

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Dissociative Amnesia (DID) ( DD)

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The sudden loss of memory for significant personal information

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Schizophrenia (S)

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The profound disruption of psychological processes, a distorted perception and reality, altered of blunted emotion, and disturbance in thought, motivation, and behavior. symptoms include:

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Schizophrenia Symptoms

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Delusion: Is a patently false belief system, often bizarre which remain in spite of its irrationality (ex: believing you are Jesus Christ)
Hallucinations: Is a false perceptual experience that had a compelling sense of being real dispute the absence of external stimulation. The experiences can induce hearing, seeing or smelling things

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Schizophrenia Symptoms Continued

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Disorganized Speech: server disruption of verbal communication, ideas shift rapidly incoherently from one to another unrelated topic (purple math aliens)
Grossly Disorganized Behavior: Is behavior that us inappropriate for the situation or ineffective in attaining goals often with specific motor distinctions (masturbating in public)

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Schizophrenia Symptoms Continued

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Negative Symptoms: Include emotional and social withdrawal apathy, other indications of the absence or insufficiently of normal behavior, motivation and emotion

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Dopamine Hypothesis (S)

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Is the idea that schizophrenia involves an excess amount of dopamine activity

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Personality Disorders (PD)

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Are disorders characterized by deeply integrated, inflexible patterns of thinking, feeling, relating to others, or controlling impulses that cause distress if impaired functioning. fall into 3 clusters: odd/eccentric, dramatic/erratic, anxious/inhibited

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Anti-social Personality Disorder (APD) (PD)

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A pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights if others that begin in childhood/early adolescence and continues onto adulthood

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Peer Nomination

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Reports regarding personality tests done by others for you about you