Psychology: Chapter 1

Front 1

Research methods that yield descriptions of behaviour

Back 1

descriptive research methods

Front 2

early school of psychology that was concerned with how humans and animals use mental processes in adapting to their environment

Back 2

functionalsm

Front 3

the process of objectively evaluating claims, propositions, and conclusions to determine whether they follow logically from the evidence presented

Back 3

critical thinking

Front 4

Wilhelm Wundt, Titchener

Back 4

Structuralism

Front 5

Behaviour is viewed in terms of biological responses

Back 5

Biological

Front 6

William James

Back 6

Functionalism

Front 7

Max Wertheimer, Koffka

Back 7

Gestalt

Front 8

Behaviour is motivated by inner forces over which the individual has little control

Back 8

Psychoanalytical/Psychodynamic

Front 9

Sigmund Freud

Back 9

Psycodynamic/Psychoanalytical

Front 10

Piaget, Bruner

Back 10

Cognitive

Front 11

Watson, Skinner

Back 11

Behaviorism

Front 12

Maslow, Hertzberg, Rogers

Back 12

Humanistic

Front 13

Examines how people know, understand and think about the world

Back 13

Cognitive

Front 14

Focuses on observable behaviour and is viewed as a product of learned responses

Back 14

Behavioural

Front 15

Behaviour is viewed as a reflection of internal growth. It contends that humans can control their behaviour and thus should naturally seek to reach their full potential

Back 15

Humanistic

Front 16

Behaviour is influenced by society's norms and values

Back 16

Socio-cultural

Front 17

scientific study of behaviour and mental processes

Back 17

psychology

Front 18

16th century meaning

Back 18

study of souls

Front 19

19th century meaning

Back 19

the science of mental health

Front 20

1920 meaning

Back 20

the scientific study of behaviour

Front 21

1960 meaning

Back 21

the science of behaviour and mental processes

Front 22

information derived from systematic and objective observation

Back 22

empirical evidence

Front 23

the formal, systematic application of the scientific method to the study

Back 23

research

Front 24

the approach used by psychologists to systematically acquire knowledge and understanding about behaviour and other phenomena of interest

Back 24

scientific method

Front 25

a broad statement which attempt to explain and make predictions concerning certain phenomena

Back 25

theory

Front 26

-a prediction derived from a theory, stated in a way that allows it to be tested.
-a specific, testable prediction about a phenomenon usually derived from a theory

Back 26

hypothesis

Front 27

theories/hypotheses must lead to prediction that can be shown to be false.

Back 27

principle of falsifiability

Front 28

research can be derived into:

Back 28

descriptive and experimental

Front 29

Case studies, Observational studies and surveys

Back 29

Descriptive research

Front 30

intensive description & analysis of a single individual or group of persons

Back 30

Case Study

Front 31

great deal of detailed descriptive information

Back 31

Advantage of Case Study

Front 32

-limited in ability to generalize
-Observer bias
-time consuming and expensive

Back 32

Disadvantage of Case Study

Front 33

Types of observational research

Back 33

Naturalistic and Laboratory

Front 34

the systematic study of animal or human behaviour in thier natural setting

Back 34

Naturalistic Observation

Front 35

Advantages of naturalistic observation

Back 35

-1st hand information
-participant's behaviour more natural

Front 36

Disadvantage of naturalistic observation

Back 36

-time consuming
-inability to control environment
-must wait for behaviour to occur

Front 37

Observation under controlled conditions, good for descriptive not for explanation

Back 37

Laboratory Observation

Front 38

Advantages of Lab observation

Back 38

better control of the observational conditions

Front 39

Disadvantage of Lab observation

Back 39

artificial conditions can distort behaviour

Front 40

based on the naturally occuring relationship between two or more variables

Back 40

correlational research

Front 41

Advantages of correlational research

Back 41

useful for predicting the future

Front 42

Disadvantage for correletional research

Back 42

does not permit conclusions to be drawn regarding cause and effect reltionships.

Front 43

Positive correlation

Back 43

as one variable increases, so does the other
+1.00 perfect positive correlation

Front 44

negative correlation

Back 44

as one variable increases, the other decreases
-1.00 perfect negative correlation

Front 45

a technique in which questionnaires or interviews are administered to a selected group of people

Back 45

survey research

Front 46

Advantages of survey research

Back 46

fast, inexpensive, gathers data from large number of people

Front 47

Disadvantage of survey research

Back 47

-accuracy depends on participants
-sampling bias
-poorly constructed questions can distort the results

Front 48

determines cause and effect, designed to test hypothesis, involves manipulation and observation

Back 48

experimental research

Front 49

complete mixing of two or more variables

Back 49

confounding

Front 50

persons response to the treatment is due to their expectation of treatment

Back 50

placebo effect

Front 51

self-fulfilling prophecy

Back 51

the researchers preconceived ideas influence the participants behaviour

Front 52

researchers knows, participant does not

Back 52

single-blind effect

Front 53

neither researcher/participant know who is experimental/ control

Back 53

double-blind effect