Psychology Ch.1

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Industrial-Organizational Psychology

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A branch of psychology that applies the principles of psychology to the workplace

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Personnel Psychology

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The field of study that concentrates on the selection and evaluation of employees

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Organizational Psychology

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The field of study that investigates the behavior of employees within the context of an organization.

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Human factors

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A field study concentrating on the interaction between humans and machines.

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Army Alpha

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An intelligence test developed during World War 1 and used by the army for soldiers who could read

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Army Beta

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An intelligence test developed during World War 1 and used by the army for soldiers who cannot read

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Hawthorne Studies

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A series of studies, conducted at the Western Electric plant in Hawthorne, Illinois, That have come to represent any change in behaviour when people react to a change in environment.

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Hawthorne Effect

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When employees change their behavior due solely to the fact that they are receiving attention or are being observed

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Graduate Record Exam (GRE)

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A standard admission test required by most psychology graduate schools.

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Terminal Master's degree programs

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Graduate program that offer a master's degree but not a PH.D

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Internship

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A situation in which a student works for an organization, either for pay or as a volunteer, to recieve practical work experience

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Practicum

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A paid or unpaid position with an organization that gives a student practical work experience

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Dissertation

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A formal research [paper required of most doctoral students in order to graduate

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Hypothesis

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An educated predition about the answer to a research question

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Theory

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A systematic set of assumptions regarding the case and nature of behavior

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Journals

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A written collection of articles describing the methods and results of new research

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Trade Magazines

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A collection of articles for those "in the biz" about related professional topics, seldom directly reporting the methods and results of new research

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Magazines

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An unscientific collection of articles about a wide range of topics

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External validity

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The extent to whcih research results can be expected to hold true outside the specific setting in which they were obtained.

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Generalizability

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Like external validity, the extent to whcih research results hold true outside the specific setting in which they were obtained

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Field research

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Research conducted in a natural setting as opposed to a laboratory

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Informed consent

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The formal process by which subjects give permission to be included in a study

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Institutional Review Boards

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A committee designated to ensure the ethical treatment of research subjects

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Cause-and-effect relationships

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The result of a well-controlled experiment about which the researcher can confidently state that the indpendent variable caused the change in the dependent variable

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Experiment

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A type of reasarch study in which the independent variable is manipuilated by the experimenter

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Manipulation

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The alteration of a variable by an experimenter in expectation that the alteration will result in a change in the dependent variable

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Independent Varaible

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The manipulated variable in an experiment

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Dependent Variable

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The measure of behavior that is expected to change as a result of changes in the independent variable

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Experimental Group

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In an experiment, the group of subjects that recieves the experimental treatment of interst to the experimenter

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Control Group

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A group of employees who do not receive a particular type of training so that their performance can be compared with that of employees who do receive training

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Quasi-Experiments

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Researh method in which the experimenter either does not manipulate the indipendent variable or in which the subjexts are not randomly assigned to conditions

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Archival research

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Research that involves the use of previously collected data

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Effect Size

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Used in meta-analysis, a statistic that indicates the amount of change caused by an experimental manipulation

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Mean Effect Size

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Used in meta-analysis, a statistic that is average of the effect sizes for all studies included in the analysis

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Difference Score

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A type of effect size used in meta-analysis that is signified by the letter d and indicates how many standard deviations seperate the mean score for the experimental group from the control group

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Practical Signifcance

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The extent to which the results of a study have actual impact on human behaviour

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Random Sample

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A sample in which every member of the relecent population had an equal chance of being chosen to participate in the study

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Convenience Sample

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A nonrandom research sample that is used because it is easly availbe

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Random assignment

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The random, unbiased assignment of subjects in a research sample to the various experimental and control conditions

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Debriefed

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Informing the subject in an experiment about the purpose of the study in which he or she was a participant and providing any other relevant information.

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Correlation

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A statistical procedure used to measure the relationship between two variables

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Intervening variables

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A third variavble that can often explain the relationship between two other variables