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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
cognition
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mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
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concept
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mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.
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prototype
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a mental image or best example that incorporates all the features we associate with a catagory.
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algorithm
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methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier-but also more error prone-use of heuristics.
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heuristic
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a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently, usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms.
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insight
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a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions.
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confirmation bias
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a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence.
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fixation
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the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set.
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mental set
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a tendency to approach a problem in 1 particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past.
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functional fixedness
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the tendency to think things only in terms of their usual functions; and impediment to problem solving.
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representiveness heuristic
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judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information.
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availability heuristic
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estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common.
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overconfidence
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the tendency to be more confident than correct-to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments.
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belief perseverance
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clinging to 1's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.
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framing
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the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments.
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language
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our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning.
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phoneme
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in language the smallest distinctive sound unit.
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morpheme
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in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix).
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grammar
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in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others.
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semantics
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the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphimes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning.
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syntax
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the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language.
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babbling stage
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beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at 1st unrelated to the household language.
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one-word stage
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the stage in speech development, from about 1-2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words.
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two-word stage
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beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly 2 word statements.
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telegraphic speech
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early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram-"go car"-using mostly nouns and verbs.
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aphasia
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impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's area (impairing understanding).
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Broca's area
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controls language expression-an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech.
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Wernicke's area
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controls language reception-a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe.
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