Psychology Ch. 8

Front 1

indication that learning has persisted over time;ability to store and retrieve information

Back 1

memory

Front 2

processing of information into the memory system

Back 2

encoding

Front 3

retention of encoded information over time

Back 3

storage

Front 4

process of getting information out of memory

Back 4

retrieval

Front 5

immediate, initial storage of perceptual information before it is passed to short-term memory

Back 5

sensory memory

Front 6

activated memory that holds a few items briefly
ex. getting a new phone number and trying to remember without writing it down

Back 6

short-term memory

Front 7

relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system
ex. you cant always remember but its there

Back 7

long-term memory

Front 8

designed the three-stage model of memory

Back 8

Atkinson-Schiffrin (1968)

Front 9

taking information out from long-term memory and putting it in sensory;involves conscious active processing of incoming auditory and visual information retrieved from long-term memory

Back 9

working memory

Front 10

auditory and visual processing is controlled by ______ through an _______ which funnels sensory input

Back 10

central executive;episodic buffer

Front 11

automatic processing

Back 11

enormous amount of information effortlessly processed

Front 12

which reading textbook, you automatically encode the place of a picture on a page. later when you're struggling to remember something on the test you may visualize its location

Back 12

space

Front 13

unintentionally note the events that take place in a day. later when you leave your coat somewhere you retrace your steps

Back 13

time

Front 14

you effortlessly keep track of things that happen to you
ex. this is the third time you've run into her

Back 14

frequency

Front 15

leads to durable and accessible memories

Back 15

effortful processing

Front 16

conscious repetition of information to either maintain in its consciousness or encode it for storage

Back 16

rehearsal

Front 17

so anxious about being next that you cannot remember what the person just before you in line says but you can recall what other people around you say

Back 17

next-in-line effect

Front 18

we retain information better when we rehearse over time

Back 18

spacing effect

Front 19

when your recall is better for the first and last items on a list but poor for middle items

Back 19

serial position effect

Front 20

appearance of letters

Back 20

visual encoding

Front 21

the sound of words

Back 21

acoustic encoding

Front 22

"meaning" of words

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semantic encoding

Front 23

powerful aid to effortful processing especially when combined with semantic encoding
ex. showing adverse effects of tanning and smoking in a picture may be more powerful than simply talking about it

Back 23

mental pictures (imagery)

Front 24

aids to remembering information;vivid imagery in aiding memory

Back 24

mnemonic

Front 25

two types of mnemonics:
1. involves imagining yourself through a familiar series of locations and then associating each place with the to-be-remembered topic
2. involves forming a mental image of items to be remembered in a way that links them together.

Back 25

method of loci
link method

Front 26

organize items into a familiar manageable unit
ex. acronyms

Back 26

chunking

Front 27

complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided into categories and subcategories

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hierarchy

Front 28

information that is
relatively raw and unprocessed, passively recorded, a fairly accurate representation

Back 28

sensory memory

Front 29

temporary sensory memory of visual stimuli that lasts for no more than a few tenths of a second

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iconic memory

Front 30

temporary sensory memory of auditory stimuli

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echoic memory

Front 31

duration of sensory memory varies for the different senses

Back 31

sensory memories

Front 32

can recall 50 random digits backwards as well as recall the digits to pi

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Rajan Mahadenvan

Front 33

unlimited capacity store;cannot measure how long information lasts

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long term memory

Front 34

through electrical stimulation of the brain during surgery, he concluded that old memories were etched into the brain

Back 34

wilder penfield (1967)

Front 35

reviewed penfields date and showed that only a handful of brain stimulated patients reported flashbacks and many of them invented memories

Back 35

Loftus and Loftus (1980)

Front 36

using rats, he trained them to solve a maze and then removed different parts of their cortex. then he studied the rats in the maze again and found that they retained partial memory of the maze

Back 36

Lashley (1950)

Front 37

refers to synaptic enhancement after learning, increase in neurotransmitter release or receptors on the receiving neuron indicates strengthening

Back 37

long term potentiation LTP

Front 38

occurs when unique and highly emotional moment gives rise to a clear, strong and persistent memory

Back 38

flashbulb memories

Front 39

memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare (declarative)

Back 39

explicit memory

Front 40

involves learning an action while the individual does not know or declare what he/she knows (procedural)

Back 40

implicit memory

Front 41

neural center in the limbic system that processs explicit memories; memories you know you know

Back 41

hippocampus

Front 42

after losing hippocampus in surgery, he remembers everything before the operation but cannot make new memories

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Henry M (HM) anterograde amnesia

Front 43

unable to make new declarative memories but can form new procedural memories

Back 43

implicit memories

Front 44

neural center in the hindbrain that processes implicit memories; damage in this area prevents the development of certain conditioned reflexes

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cerebellum

Front 45

a person must identify an item amongst other choices ( multiple choice test)

Back 45

recognition

Front 46

person must retrieve information using effort (fill in the blank)

Back 46

recall

Front 47

individual shows how much time is saved when learning material for the second time

Back 47

relearning

Front 48

memories are held in storage by a web of associations

Back 48

retrieval cues

Front 49

unconscious activation of particular associations in memory

Back 49

priming

Front 50

retrieving a similar memory in your mind

Back 50

deja vu

Front 51

tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with ones current mood

Back 51

mood-congruent memory

Front 52

inability to retrieve information due to poor encoding

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forgetting

Front 53

information does not reach permanent storage due to insufficient encoding at study

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encoding failure

Front 54

information memory eventually disappears if its not accessed

Back 54

storage decay

Front 55

inability to retrieve information that we know we have such as remembering someones name

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retrieval failure

Front 56

poor durability of stored memories leads to their decay

Back 56

storage decay

Front 57

retrieval failure phenomenon; cant seem to answer question even though your positive you know it

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tip of the tongue

Front 58

old information interferes with learning new information (forward acting)

Back 58

proactive interference

Front 59

new information interferes with remembering old information (backwards acting)

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retroactive interference

Front 60

people unknowingly, revise their memories

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motivated forgetting

Front 61

defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, memories from consciousness

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repression

Front 62

proposed that our memory systems do indeed self-censor painful information

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sigmund freud

Front 63

incorporating misleading information into ones memory of an event

Back 63

misinformation effect (elizabeth loftus)

Front 64

we are 1.4 times more likely to correctly identify someone from our own race, in comparison to someone from another race

Back 64

cross-race effect

Front 65

giving a verbal description of someone makes you 1.27 times more likely to misidentify them in a subsequent photo-lineup

Back 65

verbal overshadowing

Front 66

being tested on information increases the likelihood that you will remember that information at a later period of time

Back 66

testing effect