Psychology Ch 2 Test 1

Front 1

QUIZ QUESTION:What is random assignment?

Back 1

In random assignment each participant has an equal chance for each condition

Front 2

QUIZ QUESTION: A researcher is investigating the effects of exercise on weight. What are the independent and dependent variables in this experiment?

Back 2

The dependent variable is weight and the independent variable is exercise.

Front 3

QUIZ QUESTION: What is a common ethical guideline suggested by the American Psychological Association ?
--participants can't withdraw once they start
--participants must be allowed to make an informed decision
--participants can't be subjected to shock of any kind
--participants can't be deceived about aspects of the research

Back 3

participants must be allowed to make an informed decision

Front 4

QUIZ QUESTION: The function of the _______ is to carry info to and from all parts of the body

Back 4

Nervous system

Front 5

QUIZ QUESTION: What term is used to describe a specialized cell that makes up the nervous system and sends/receives messages within that system?

Back 5

Neuron

Front 6

QUIZ QUESTION: Which part of the neuron is attached to the soma and carries messages out to other cells?

Back 6

Axon

Front 7

QUIZ QUESTION: The brain and spinal cord are two components of the....

Back 7

Central nervous system

Front 8

QUIZ QUESTION: Damage to the cerebellum is likely to disrupt which of the following?
--playing basketball
--sleeping
--homeostasis
--thinking

Back 8

Playing basketball (coordination would be off)

Front 9

QUIZ QUESTION: What is a group of brain structures located under the cortex and involved in learning, emotion, memory and motivation?

Back 9

Limbic system

Front 10

QUIZ QUESTION: The thick band of neurons that connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres is...

Back 10

the corpus callosum

Front 11

QUIZ QUESTION: Which lobes are involved in planning, memory and personality?

Back 11

Frontal lobes

Front 12

QUIZ QUESTION: The subdivision of the peripheral nervous system that is made up of all nerves carrying messages from the senses to the central nervous system and all nerves carrying messages from the central nervous system to skeletal muscles is called the _______

Back 12

Somatic nervous system

Front 13

What is the nervous system?

Back 13

Extensive network of specialized cells that carry info to and from all parts of the body

Front 14

What is neuroscience

Back 14

Deals with the structure and function of the brain, neurons, nerves, and nervous tissue

The branch of it that focuses on biological basis of behavior is biological psychology/behavioral neuroscience

Front 15

What are the branches of the nervous system?

Back 15

Nervous System into CNS and PNS

CNS into brain and spinal cord
PNS into ANS and somatic nervous system
ANS into parasympathetic and sympathetic

Front 16

What are neurons?

Back 16

The basic cell that makes up the nervous system and receives/sends messages within that system

Front 17

What are the three parts of a neuron?

Back 17

Dendrites: branch-like structures that receive messages from other neurons

Soma: cell body of neuron, responsible for maintaining life of cell

Axon: long, tube-like structure that carries the neural message to other cells

Front 18

What are glial cells?

Back 18

Structure on which neurons develop and work and that hold the neurons in place

Several different types that have different functions; can influence neurons/help new ones grow

Front 19

What are oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells?

Back 19

Two special types of glial cells that make myelin
Ogliodendrocytes=CNS
Schwann cells=PNS

Front 20

What are nerves?

Back 20

Bundles of axons in the body that travel together through the body

Front 21

What happens in MS (multiple sclerosis)?

Back 21

The myelin sheath is destroyed by indv's immune system, which leads to loss of neural functioning (no protection of axon/conduction)

Front 22

What is neurilemma?

Back 22

A membrane only made in Schawann cells that surround the axon and myelin and act as a tunnel through which damaged nerve fibers can repair themselves.

Front 23

What is the resting potential?

Back 23

The state of the neuron when not firing a neural impulse; mostly negative; Na+ outside wants to come in, K+ wants to go out

Front 24

Action potential

Back 24

Cell receives strong enough impulse that causes channels to open and Na+ flood in

After it passes, K+ leaves and Na+ channels close/pump it back out

Front 25

threshold

Back 25

all or none; minimum voltage change for sodium channels to open and close

Front 26

What are synaptic knobs/axon terminals and what do they contain?

Back 26

Rounded areas on the end of the axon terminals; have synaptic vesicles that contain chemicals; released when an action potential arrives

Front 27

What is the synapse?

Back 27

The microscopic fluid-filled space between the rounded areas on the end of the axon terminals of one cell and the dendrites or surface of the next

Front 28

Receptor sites

Back 28

holes in the surface of the dendrites or certain cells of the muscles and glands, which are shaped to fit only certain neurotransmitters

Front 29

What is an excitatory neurotransmitter?

Back 29

Neurotransmitter that causes the receiving cell to fire

Front 30

What is an inhibitory neurotransmitter?

Back 30

Neurotransmitter that causes the receiving cell to stop firing

Front 31

What is an agonist?

Back 31

A chemical substance that mimics or enhances the effects of a neurotransmitter

Front 32

What is an antagonist?

Back 32

A chemical substance that blocks or reduces cell's response to an NT

Front 33

What are 6 types/examples of neurotransmitters?
(Just names at first, then function)

Back 33

AcH: between neurons and muscles (excitatory or inhibitory); memory, arousal, attention (in hippocampus)

Glutamate: major excitatory NT; NS development/synaptic plasticity (brain chainging connections)

GABA: major inhibitory NT; sleep, calms anxiety, alcohol is agonist

Serotonin: excitatory or inhibitory with sleep/mood/apetitie; in lower part of brain

Dopamine: excitatory or inhibitory; pleasure and mvt (too much=Schitzophrenia, too little=Parkinsons)

Endorphins: pain controller, regulate release of other NTs, bind to receptors that open ion channels on axon, cell can't release pain signal then and pain lessens (agonist=morphine, heroine)

Front 34

What is Ach?

Back 34

between neurons and muscles (excitatory or inhibitory); memory, arousal, attention (in hippocampus)

Front 35

What is glutamate?

Back 35

major excitatory NT; NS development/synaptic plasticity (brain chainging connections)

Front 36

What is GABA?

Back 36

major inhibitory NT; sleep, calms anxiety, alcohol is agonist

Front 37

What is serotonin?

Back 37

excitatory or inhibitory with sleep/mood/apetitie; in lower part of brain

Front 38

What is dopamine?

Back 38

excitatory or inhibitory; pleasure and mvt (too much=Schitzophrenia, too little=Parkinsons)

Front 39

What are endorphins?

Back 39

pain controller, regulate release of other NTs, bind to receptors that open ion channels on axon, cell can't release pain signal then and pain lessens (agonist=morphine, heroine)

Front 40

What is reuptake?

Back 40

When NTs are sucked back into synaptic vesicles from receptors, clearing way for more NTs

Enzymatic degradation occurs instead for AcH bc needs to be quicker for muscles to be re-activated

Front 41

What is the CNS?

Back 41

part of nervous system containing of the brain and spinal cord

Spinal cord=a long bundle of neurons that carries messages to and from the body to the brain that is responsible for very fast; lifesaving reflexes

Front 42

What are the components of a reflex arc?

Back 42

Afferent (sensory) neurons: carries messages to spinal cord
Interneurons
Efferent (motor) neurons: carries messages from spinal cord

Front 43

What is neuroplasticity?

Back 43

Idea that brain can change structure/function of its cells in response to trauma; scientists studying stem cells being used to regenerate brain

Front 44

What is the PNS?

Back 44

All nerves and neurons that are not contained in the brain and spinal cord but that run through the body itself

--divided into somatic and autonomic nervous system

Front 45

What does the somatic nervous system do?

Back 45

Division of the PNS consisting of nerves that carry information from the senses to the CNS and from the CNS to the voluntary muscles of the body

Has sensory and motor pathways

Front 46

What is a sensory pathway?

Back 46

Nerves coming from the sensory organs to the CNS consisting of sensory neurons

Front 47

What is a motor pathway?

Back 47

Nerves coming from the CNS to the voluntary muscles, consisting of motor neurons

Front 48

What is the autonomic nervous system?

Back 48

Division of the PNS consisting of nerves that control all of the involuntary muscles, organs and glands; sensory pathway nerves coming from the sensory organs to the CNS consisting of sensory neurons

Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

Front 49

What is the sympathetic division?

Back 49

Fight or flight; part of the ANS responsible for reacting to stressful events and bodily arousal

Front 50

What is the parasympathetic division?

Back 50

Part of ANS that restores the body to normal functioning after arousal and is responsible for the day to day functioning of the organs and glands

Front 51

What are endocrine glands?

Back 51

Secrete hormones directly into blood stream (no ducts)
--receptors on organs
--slower than synaptic communication

1. Pituitary gland
2. pineal gland
3. thyroid gland
4. pancreas
5. gonads
6. adrenal glands

Front 52

What is the pituitary gland?

Back 52

Influenced by the hypothalamus
important in pregnancy, salt water concentration, GH, sex hormones

Front 53

What is the pineal gland?

Back 53

above brain stem
melatonin--influences biological rhythms (sleep-wake)

Front 54

What is the thyroid gland?

Back 54

Regulates growth/brian development
Metabolism (thyroxin)

Front 55

What is the pancreas?

Back 55

Insulin/diabetes

Front 56

What are the gonads?

Back 56

Important endocrine organs; sex hormones

Front 57

What are the adrenal glands?

Back 57

Adrenal medulla: epinephrine/noepinephrine
Adrenal cortex: corticoids (cortisol=extreme stress)

Front 58

What is deep lesioning?

Back 58

Inserting wire in specific part of the brain, zapping to damage

Study how animal functions afterwards

Front 59

What is brain simulation?

Back 59

Cause neurons NOT to be damaged with electricity but still reaction

Invasive and non invasive techniques; used for regaining memory/PTSD/depression/storke

Front 60

What is a technique of invasive brain stimulation?

Back 60

Deep brain stimulation (DBS)
Electrodes are placed deep in brain and wired to an impulse generator

Used for parkinsons

Front 61

What are two techniques of noninvasive brain stimulation?

Back 61

1. repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)
--magnetic pulses via copper coils on head stimulate neurons

2. transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)
--scalp electrodes pass low amplitude currents to head

Front 62

What is a CT?

Back 62

Brain-imaging method using computer controlled x-rays of the brain; mapping structure
X-raying slices of brain for skull fractures/stroke damage, tumors, etc. [use if metal in body]

Front 63

What is Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)?

Back 63

More detail can be seen than CT
Brain-imaging method using radio waves and magnetic fields of the body to produce detailed images of the brain; mapping structure

MRI spectroscopy=conc. chemicals in brain shown

diffusion tensor imaging= studies white matter tracts (MS, dementia, schizophrenia)

Front 64

What is an EEG?

Back 64

Mapping function of the living brain; machine designed to record the brain wave patterns produced by electrical activity of the surface of the brain below specific areas of the skull

Gives waves that indicate sleep, seizures, and brain activity for specific mental tasks

Front 65

What does a beta wave indicate?

Back 65

Waking, alertness

Front 66

What does an alpha wave indicate?

Back 66

Relaxation

Front 67

What does a theta wave indicate?

Back 67

Drowsiness/sleep

Front 68

What does a delta wave indicate?

Back 68

Deep sleep

Front 69

What is an MEG?

Back 69

related to EEG; uses magnetic fields to study demintia/autism

Front 70

What is an ERP?

Back 70

Event related potential; averaging multiple waves of stimuli to study diff. stages of cognitive processing

Front 71

What is a PET scan?

Back 71

Positron emission tomography; maps structure

brain imaging method in which a radioactive sugar is injected into the subject and a computer compiles a color-coded image of the activity of the brain, with lighter colors indicating more activity

Front 72

What is a fMRI?

Back 72

functional MRI, maps function

a computer makes a "movie" of changes in the activity of the brain using images from diff. time periods

Front 73

What is SPECT?

Back 73

Single photon emission computed tomography

measures brain blood flow by using radioactive trackers

Front 74

What four structures are part of the hindbrain?

Back 74

Medulla, pons, reticular formation, and cerebellum

Front 75

What is the medulla?

Back 75

First large swelling at the top of the spinal cord, forming the lowest part of the brain

Responsible for life-sustaining functions such as breathing, swallowing and heart rate

Front 76

What is the pons?

Back 76

the larger swelling above the medulla that connects the top of the brain to the bottom and plays a part in sleep, dreaming, left-right body coordination (where motor nerves cross over) and arousal

Front 77

What is the reticular formation (RF)?

Back 77

An area of neurons running through the middle of the medulla and pons and slightly beyond

Responsible for selective attention
RAS (reticular activating system)=part of, keeps awake and alert (messed up with ADD kids)

Front 78

What is the cerebellum?

Back 78

Located behind the pons
Controls rapid, involuntary fine motor movement (like posture) as well as voluntary movement like walking, dancing, etc.

If deteroriates, get spinocerebellar degeneration (very uncoordinated)

Front 79

What is the limbic system?

Back 79

A group of several brain structures located under the cortex and involved in learning, emotion, memory and motivation
--Thalamus
--Hypothalamus
--Olfactory bulbs
--Amygdala
--Hippocampus
--Cingulate gyrus

Front 80

What is the thalamus?

Back 80

Relays sensory information from the lower part of the brain to the proper areas of the cortex

Processes some sensory information before sending it to its proper area

Front 81

What are the olfactory bulbs?

Back 81

Two projections under the front of the bran that receive information from the receptors in the nose located just below

Front 82

What is the hypothalamus?

Back 82

Below the thalamus
Responsible for motivational behavior, such as sleep, hunger, thirst and sex

Master endocrine gland: sits above and controls the pituitary gland

Front 83

What is the hippocampus?

Back 83

Curved structure located within each temporal lobe; responsible for the formation of long-term memories and the storage of memory for location of objects

Front 84

What is the amygdala?

Back 84

Brain structure located near the hippocampus; responsible for fear responses and the memory of fear

Front 85

What is the fornix?

Back 85

Pathway of nerve fibers that transmits info from the hippocampus to the mamillary bodies

Front 86

What is the cingulate cortex?

Back 86

Primary cortical component of the limbic system, involved in emotional and cognitive processing

Front 87

What is the mamillary body?

Back 87

Neurons that act as a relay station, transmitting info between fornix and thalamus

Front 88

What is the cortex?

Back 88

Outermost covering of the brain consisting of densely packed neurons; responsible for higher thought processes and interpretation of sensory input

Front 89

What is corticalization?

Back 89

Wrinkling of the cortex that allows a much larger area of cortical cells to exist in the small space inside the skull

Front 90

What are the cerebral hemispheres?

Back 90

The two sections of the cortex on the left and right sides of the brain

Front 91

What is the corpus callosum?

Back 91

Thick band of neurons that connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres

Front 92

What is the occipital lobe?

Back 92

section of the brain located at the rear and bottom of each cerebral hemisphere containing the visual centers of the brain
--primary visual cortex: processes visual info from eyes
--visual association cortex: identifies and makes sense of visual info

Front 93

What are the parietal lobes?

Back 93

Located at top and back of each cerebral hemisphere containing the centers for touch, taste and temperature sensations

--somatosensory cortex: area of neurons in the parietal lobes; responsible for processing info from the skin and internal body receptors for touch, temp., body position and possibly taste

Front 94

What are the temporal lobes?

Back 94

Areas of cortex located just behind the temples containing the neurons responsible for the sense of hearing and meaningful speech

--primary auditory cortex: processes auditory info from the ears
--auditory association cortex: identifies and makes sense of auditory info

Front 95

What are the frontal lobes?

Back 95

Areas of the cortex located in the front and top of the brain; responsible for higher mental processes and decision making as well as the production of fluent speech

--motor cortex: section of the frontal lobe located at the back; responsible for sending motor commands to the muscles of the somatic nervous system

Front 96

What are association areas?

Back 96

Areas within each lobe of the cortex responsible for the coordination and interpretation of info, as well as higher mental processing

Front 97

What is Broca's area and what do you have if you have Broca's aphasia?

Back 97

Left frontal lobe, production of speech

If have Broca's aphasia, you mispronounce or leave out words, hard to get started

Front 98

What is Wernicke's area and what do you have if you have Wernicke's aphasia?

Back 98

Left temporal lobe
Can't understand meaning of words, say wrong words completely

Front 99

What is split brain research?

Back 99

Study of patients with severed corpus callosum (usually done to relieve epileptic seizures) done by Sperry

Messages would only go to one side of brain and demonstrated right and left brain specialization

Ball on right side of screen: sent to left side, person sees
Ball on left side of screen: can't verbalize but can point to ball

Left more specialized than right

Front 100

What does the left side of the brain seem to control?

Back 100

Language, writing, logical thought, analysis and mathematical abilities

It processes information sequentially according to Springer and Deutsch (breaking it into smaller parts) and enables one to speak

Front 101

What does the right side of the brain control?

Back 101

Emotional expression, spatial perception, recognition of faces, patterns, melodies and emotions

It processes information globally/all at once according to Springer and Deutsch, and cannot influence speech