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105 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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PSYCHOLOGY
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the systematic study of behavior and experience
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CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGISTS
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those who try to help worried,depressed,or otherwise troubled people.
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DETERMINISM
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the assumption that everything that happens has a cause, or determinant, in the observable world.
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FREE WILL
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the belief that behavior is caused by a person's independent decisions
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DUALISM
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the mind is separate from the brain but somehow controls the brain and therefore the rest of the body
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MONISM
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the view that conscious experience is inseparable from the physical brain
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MIND-BRAIN PROBLEM
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the philosophical question of how experience relates to the brain
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NATURE-NURTURE ISSUE
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how do differences in behavior relate to differences in heredity and environment?
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IN WHAT WAY DOES ALL SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH PRESUPPOSE DETERMINISM?
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any attempt to make discoveries about nature presupposes that we live in a universe of cause and effect
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WHAT IS ONE MAJOR OBJECTION TO DUALISM?
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dualism conflicts with the principle of the conservation of matter and energy. A nonmaterial mind could not influence anything in the universe.
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DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGISTS
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study how behavior changes with age
"from womb to tomb" |
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LEARNING AND MOTIVATION
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studies how behavior depends on the outcomes of past behaviors and current motivations
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COGNITION
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thought and knowledge
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COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGIST
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studies thought and knowledge processes
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BIOPSYCHOLOGIST
(BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENTIST) |
tries to explain behavior in terms of biological factors, such as electrical and chemical activities in the nervous system, the effects of drugs and hormones, genetics, and evolutionary pressures.
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EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGIST
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tries to explain behavior in terms of the evolutionary history of the species, including reasons evolution might have favored a tendency to act in particular ways
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SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGISTS
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study how an individual influences other people and how the group influences and individual.
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CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY
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compares the behavior of people form different cultures.
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PSYCHOANALYSTS
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therapy providers who rely heavily on the theories and methods pioneered by the early 20th century viennese physician sigmund freud.
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INDUSTRIAL/ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY
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the psychological study of people at work.
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STRUCTURALISM
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an attempt to describe the structures that compose the mind
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FUNCTIONALISM
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learn how people produce useful behaviors
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PSYCHOPHYSICAL FUNCTION
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the mathematical description of the relationship between the physical properties of a stimulus and its perceived properties
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COMPARATIVE PSYCHOLOGISTS
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specialists who compare different animal species
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BEHAVIORISM
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a field of psychology that concentrates on observable, measurable behaviors and not on mental processes.
John B Watson |
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MARY CALKINS
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one of the first prominent women in US psychology
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DEDUCTION
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the process of deriving a conclusion from premises already accepted
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INDUCTION
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the process of inferring a general principle from observations
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THEORY
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an explanation that fits many observations and makes valid predictions
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FALSIFIABLE
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stated in such clear precise terms that we can see what evidence would count against it.
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BURDEN OF PROOF
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the obligation to present evidence to support one's claim.
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REPLICABLE RESULTS
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those that anyone can obtain, at least approximately, by following the same procedures
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META-ANALYSIS
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combines the results of many studies and analyzes them as though they were all one very large study.
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PARSIMONY
(stinginess; occam's razor) |
when given a choice among hypotheses or theories that all seem to fit the facts, scientists prefer the one whos assumptions are fewer, simpler, or more onsistent with other well-established theories.
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EXTRASENSORY PERCEPTION (ESP)
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at least some people, without using any sense organ and without receiving and form of physical energy.
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OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
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a definition that specifies the operations used to produce or measure something, ordinarily a way to give it a numerical value.
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EXPERIMENTER BIAS
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the tendency of an experimenter to distort or mispercieve the results of an experiment based on the expected outcome.
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BLIND OBSERVER
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an observer who can record data without knowing what the researcher has predicted.
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PLACEBO
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a pill with no kn own pharmacological effects
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SINGLE-BLIND STUDY
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either the observer or the participants are unaware of which participants recieved which treatment
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DOUBLE-BLIND STUDY
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both the observer and the participants are unaware
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DEMAND CHARACTERISTICS
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cues that tell a participant what is expected of him or her and what the experimenter hopes to find
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CASE HISTORY
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a thorough description of the person, including the person's abilities and disabilities, medical condition, life history, unusual experiences, or whatever else seems relevant.
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SURVEY
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a study of the prevalence of certain beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors based on people's responses to specific questions
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CORRELATION
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a measure of the relationship between two variables
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CORRELATIONAL STUDY
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a procedure in which investigators measure the correlation between two variables without controlling either of them
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CORRELATION COEFFICIENT
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a mathematical estimate of the relationship between two variables.
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INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
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the item that an experimenter changes or controls
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DEPENDENT VARIABLE
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the item that an experimenter measures to determine how it was affected
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EXPERIMENTAL GROUP
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recieves the treatment that an experiment is designed to test.
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CONTROL GROUP
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set of individuals treated in the same way as the experimental group except for the procedure that the experiment is designed to test.
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RANDOM ASSIGNMENT
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the experimenter uses a chance procedure such as drawing names out of a hat to make sure that every participant has the same probability as any other participant of being assigned to a given group
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INFORMED CONSENT
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a statement that they have been told what to expect and that they agree to continue
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DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
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mathematical summaries of results
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NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
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a symmetrical frequency of scores clustered around the mean
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95% CONFIDENCE INTERVAL
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the range within which the true population mean lies, with 95% certainty
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INFERENTIAL STATISTIC
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a statement about a large population based on an inference from a small sample
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PHYSIOLOGICAL EXPLANATION
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describes the mechanism that produces a behavior
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EVOLUTIONARY EXPLANATION
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relates behavior to the evolutionary history of the species
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ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPH
(EEG) |
uses electrodes on the scalp to record rapid changes in brain electrical activity
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MAGNETOENCEPHALOGRAPH
(MEG) |
records magnetic changes
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POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY
(PET) |
records radioactivity of various brain areas emitted from injected chemicals
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FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
(fMRI) |
uses magnetic detectors outside the head to compare the amounts of hemoglobin with and without oxyen in different brain areas
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CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
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brain and spinal cord
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PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
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bundles of nerves between the spinal cord and the rest of the body
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CEREBRAL CORTEX
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outer covering of the forebrain
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OCCIPITAL LOBE
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at the rear of the head
vision |
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TEMPORAL LOBE
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located toward the left and right sides of the head
hearing and some of the complex aspects of vision |
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PARIETAL LOBE
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just foward from the occipital lobe
body senses including touch, pain, temperature, and awareness |
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PRIMARY SOMATOSENSORY CORTEX
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a strip in the anterior portion of the parietal lobe
cells sensitive to touch in different body areas |
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FRONTAL LOBE
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at the front of the brain
includes the primary motor cortex important for planned control of fine movements |
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PREFRONTAL CORTEX
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the anterior sections of the frontal lobe
contribute to certain aspects of memory and to organizing and planning movements |
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PONS AND MEDULLA
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control the muscles of the head
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SPINAL CORD
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controls the muscles from the neck down
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REFLEX
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rapid, automatic response to a stimulus
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CEREBELLUM
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part of the hindbrain
important for aim or timing |
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AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
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controls the internal organs such as the heart
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
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set of glands that produce hormones and release them into the blood
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HORMONES
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chemicals released by glands and conveyed by the blood to alter activity in various organs
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CORPUS CALLOSUM
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a set of axons that connect the left and right hemispheres of the cerebral cortex
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EPILEPSY
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a condition in which cells comewhere in the brain emit abnormal rhythmic, spontaneous impulses
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BINDING PROBLEM
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the question of how separate brain areas combine forces to produce a unified perception of a single object
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RIGHT HEMISPHERE
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non speaking
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AFTER DAMAGE TO THE CORPUS CALLOSUM, A PERSON CAN DESCRIBE SOME, BUT NOT ALL, OF WHAT HE OR SHE SEES. WHERE MUST THE PERSON SEE SOMETHING TO DESCRIBE IT IN WORDS? THAT IS, WHICH VISUAL FIELD?
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right, because the information in the right visual field goes into the left hemisphere
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NEURONS
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nerve cells
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GLIA
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support the neurons in many ways such as by insulating them, synchronizing activity amond neighboring neurons, and removing waste products.
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CELL BODY
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widely branching structures that recieve transmissions from other neurons
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AXON
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a single, long, thin, straight fiber with branches near its tip.
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ACTION POTENTIAL
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an excitation that travels along an axon at a constant strength, no matter how far it must travel
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RESTING POTENTIAL
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an electrical polarization across the membrane of an axon
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SYNAPSE
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the specialized junction between one neuron and another
a neuron releases a chemical that either excites or inhibits the next neuron |
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TERMINAL BOUTON
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a little bulge
a presynaptic ending |
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NEUROTRANSMITTER
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a chemical that can activate receptors on other neurons
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POST-SYNAPTIC NEURON
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the neuron on the receiving end of the synapse
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PARKINSON'S DISEASE
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a condition that affects about 1% of people over the age of 50. the main symptoms are difficulty in initiating voluntary movement, slow movement, tremors, rigidity, and depressed mood.
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STEM CELLS
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undifferentiated cells that can develop into additional neurons in a few brain areas
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STIMULANTS
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drugs that increase energy, alertness, and activity
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DEPRESSANTS
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drugs that predominantly decrease arousal
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ALCOHOL
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class of molecules that includes methanol, ethanol, propyl alcohol and others
ethanol is the type that people drink the others are toxic |
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TRANQUILIZERS OR ANXIOLYTIC DRUGS
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help people relax
benzodiazepines |
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TRANQUILIZERS
ANXIOLYTIC DRUGS |
help people relax
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NARCOTICS
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drugs that produce drowsiness, insensitivity to pain, and decreased responsiveness.
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OPIATES
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either natural drugs derived from the opium poppy or synthetic drugs with a chemical structure resembling natural opiates
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ENDORPHINS
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bind to the opiate receptors
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HALLUCINOGENS
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drugs that induce sensory distortions
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