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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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empiricism |
knowledge should be gained through observation |
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theoretical diversity |
people have different ideas/theories |
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sociohistorical context |
psychology is product of/ is influenced by its time |
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multiple causes |
multiple factors influence behavior |
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cultural heritage |
cultural differences are a factor of our behavior |
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nature vs. nurture |
heridity vs. enviornment affect behavior |
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experience is subjective |
everyone experiences different things |
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Wilhelm Wundt |
founder of psychology |
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year of first psych. lab |
1879, by Wilhem Wundt |
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year of first U.S pysch. lab |
1883, by G. Stanley Hall |
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APA |
American Psychology Assoc., largest psych. organization created by G. Stanley Hall |
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Strucuralism |
(topic of study) elements of conciousness (method of study) introspection
introspection-observation or examination of one's own mental and emotional state,mental processes, etc.; the act of looking within oneself. |
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Functionalism |
Created by William James to investigate the purpose of conciousness. |
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William James |
"Functionalism School", known for Principles of Psych. Textbook, Created term "stream of conciousness". Was practical. |
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Psychoanalysis |
Created by Sigmund Freud. Unconcious conflicts & motives. |
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Sigmund Freud |
"School of Psychoanalysis", treated anxiety disorders, "Freaudian-Slip": accidentaly saying something you feel but don't mean to say, He was controversial but influential in a sense. |
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Behaviorism (Redefining Psychology) |
Created by John B. Watson (US).
Principle #1: Psychology should study observable behavior (radical view)
Principle #2: Nurture more then Nature affects behavior. (Emphasis on enviornmental factors) |
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Behaviorism Revisited |
Created by B.F Skinner (US, 1904-1990) -enviornment focused -operant conditioning: behavior followed by good is repeated, by bad is not. -"Free will is an allusion" he could pick your next move, believed he could guess what someone would do next. |
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The Humanist Revolt (1950's) |
Created by Abraham Maslow & Carl Rogers. -unique human qualities: freedom, personal growth, & self direction. (optimistic view of human nature). |
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Cognitive Psychology (50'-60's) |
decision making, reasoning, problem solving, language. |
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Physiological Psychology (50'-60's) |
behavior influenced by: -brain functioning -genetics -neurotransmitters -hormones |
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Hypothosis |
prediciton |
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Variable |
condition relevant to study |
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theory |
big picture idea explaining phenominon of study |
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operation definition |
precise definition how concept will be observed & measured. |
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Data Collection Methods |
-observation w/o interferring -surveys: good way to measure attitudes and opinons in mass quantity. -tests (standardized) -physio measures: to see what parts of the brain takes on certain issues/tasks. |
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Reactance |
people act differently when they think they're being watched |
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Descriptive Research |
describes behavior |
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Correlational Research |
strength of relationship between variables. -correlation coefficient = -1 to +1 - 0 - no correlation, no relationship -correlations allow prediction, but not casual conclusions.
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Experimental Research |
researcher manipulates independent variable to see how it affects the subjects behavior (aka dependent variable).E |
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Experimental vs. Controlled |
-experimental receives treatment -controlled does not
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Extraneous Variables |
anything that might affect dependent. -could lead to cofounding.
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Sample |
people being tested |
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Population |
group that we wish to learn about |
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Placebo effect |
experience changes due to what subjects expects |
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Anecdotal Evidence |
scientific observations or studies, which do not provide proof but mayassist research efforts |
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Two Parent Disciplines |
philosophy and physiology |
