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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is developmental psychology? |
A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span. |
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What are the major research issues in developmental psychology? |
Nature and Nurture Continuity and Stages Stability and Stages |
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Define: Maturation |
An orderly sequence of genetically designed biological growth processes. |
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Define: Critical Periods |
An optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development. |
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Nature |
Genetic inheritance |
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Nurture |
Our experiences |
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Interactionist |
A theory that the mind and the body may each affect the other |
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Ageism |
Discrimination based on chronological age |
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Continuity/Stages |
Gradual and continuous developmental that abruptly change in separate stages |
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Stability/Change |
Traits that persist through life and how we change with age |
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Longitudinal |
Research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period of time |
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Cross-Sectional |
Study in which people of different ages are compared with one another |
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What are the stages of prenatal development? |
Zygotes- conception to 2 weeks Embryo- 2 to 8 weeks Fetus- 8 weeks to birth |
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Explain Piaget's theory of cognitive development |
1) At each stage, children develop new unique ways of thinking.
2) Children's thinking is different than the thinking of adults. 3) Children are active thinkers (constructivism) |
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Schema |
mentalstructure or framework that allows us to classify/organize new information-like “index cards in our brain” (Wadsworth, 2004) |
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Assimilation |
fittingnew information into our existing schemas. |
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Accommodation |
changingor expanding our schemas to fit new information. |
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First Stage of Piaget's Theory |
Sensorimotor Stage (Birth to 2 years) Object permanence: understand things you can't see exist Stranger anxiety: fearing people they don't know |
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Second Stage of Piaget's Theory |
Preoperational Stage (2 to 6 years) Pretend play: imagination is wide Egocentrism: "self centered" it's all about me Language Development Animism: Belief that non-living objects have thoughts, feelings, and mental characteristics and qualities of living things. |
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Third Stage of Piaget's Theory |
Concrete Operational (7 to 11 years) Conservation: understanding things remain the same even when looking different Mathematical Transformations |
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Forth Stage of Piaget's Theory |
Formal Operation (12 to adulthood) Abstract Logic Potential for mature moral reasoning |
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What are the criticisms of Piaget's Theory? |
1. Underestimated children's the cognitive abilities of infants and young children. 2. Very young children have shown empathy and take to another's perspective. 3. Cognitive development is not stage-like. It is influenced by culture and experience. |
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What is attachment? |
Deep,affectionate, close, and enduring relationship based on a two way interactionbetween parent and child. |
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Explain Harlow's research |
Body Contact- Harlow’s (1959) research comparedbaby monkey’s relationship with two artificial mothers. Barewire mom with a feeding bottle. Softterry cloth mom with no food Baby monkeys formed attachment to soft, cuddlymom based on contact comfort |
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Describe Ainsworth's studies on infant attachment |
Strange SituationsTest: 1 year old + Parent Stranger enters Parent leaves Parent Returns |
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Identify the types of attachments that are identified in his research |
Secure Attachment- Babyis distressed when mother leaves, happy when mother returns (67%) Cry less, self confident Insecure Attachment- Babydoesn’t react when mother leaves, and doesn’t react when mother returns. Babyappears indifferent to mother (20%) Anxious/Ambivalent- Resistant. Baby showsextreme distress when mother leaves, and is angry and rejecting of mother whenshe returns (10%) |
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Explain the different styles of parenting |
Authoritarian- Expect obedience, impose strictrules, and unsympathetic. Doesn’t encourage independence Permissive- Children have complete freedom,parents make few demands, and provide little discipline. Nice,warm, and loving Neglectful- Parents are permissive, butuninvolved, indifferent, and unconcerned. Authoritative- Firm and set limits, but alsounderstanding and encourage independence. Reason with their children, havedemands that are reasonable and rational. Encourage open discussion |
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Describe Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development |
Social/cultural factors that affect cognitive development. PrivateSpeech: Develops through social interactions with others and guides problemsolving. (Talking to themselves) Zoneof Proximal Development: Children’s abilities develop in a zone or range.Social influences can expand cognitive development. (4 year old- 15-20 puzzle piece by themselves. With an adultthey could do 250 piece.) |
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What is Kohlberg's theory of moral development? |
There are three basic levels (preconventional, conventional, and postconventional) of moral thinking and these levels form a moral ladder. |
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Preconventional Morality (Before age 9) Kohlberg |
Self-interest; obey rules to avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards. |
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Conventional morality (early adolescence) Kohlberg |
Uphold laws and rules to gain social approval or maintain social order |
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Postconventional morality (adolescence and beyond) Kohlberg |
Actions reflect belief in basic rights and self-defined ethical principles |
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Describe Erikson's theory of psycho-social development |
Contended that each stage of life has its own psychosocial task, a crisis that needs a resolution. A quest the adolescent's search for identity. |
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Infancy (to 1 year) |
Trust vs. mistrust |
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Toddlerhood (1 to 3 years) |
Autonomy vs. shame and doubt |
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Preschool (3 to 6 years) |
Initiative vs. Guilt |
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Elementary School (6 years to puberty) |
Competence vs. Inferiority |
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Adolescence (teen years into 20s) |
Identity vs. Role Confusion |
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Young Adulthood (20s to early 40s) |
Intimacy vs. Isolation |
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Middle Adulthood (40s to 60s) |
Generativity vs. Stagnation |
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Late Adulthood (late 60s and up) |
Integrity vs. Despair |
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Gender Role |
A set of expected behaviors for males or for females |
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Gender Identity |
Our sense of being male or female |
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Gender |
The socially constructed roles and characteristics by which culture defines male and female |
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What is temperament? |
A person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity |
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Thomas and Chess' research |
Thomas and Chess (1946, 1970)- Longitudinalstudies on temperament and found three types Easy Babies (40%) Pleasantmoods, relaxed, and predictablepatterns of feeding and sleeping Slow to Warm Up Babies (15%) Loweractivity level, slowto adjust to new situations, and sometimesnegative in mood but can be comforted with a lot of parental attention Difficult Babies (10%) Crieda lot (couldn’t be comforted), intenseemotions/unpleasant moods, and didnot establish regular eat/sleep patterns |
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Examples of Teratogens |
Agents such as toxins, viruses, and drugs that can damage an embryo or fetus. (Alcohol) |
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Effects of Major Teratogens |
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. In severe cases, symptoms include noticeable facial misproportions |
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What are the basic components of emotion? |
1. Physiological Arousal- refers to internal changes that occur in our body when we experience emotions. 2. Cognitive Component- Involves a cognitive interpretation of a situation that enables us to put a label on our emotions 3. Behavioral Component- Involves how emotions are expressed |
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What are the parts of the brain that play a role in emotion? |
Cerebral Cortex- control and information processing center Limbic System- Amygdala-involved in fear and aggression |
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What divisions of the nervous system are involved in emotion? |
Sympathetic Nervous System- responsible for arousing body and mobilizing energy during emotions. Also activates the adrenal glands. Parasympathetic Nervous System- calms the body and restores systems to normal |
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What is a polygraph? |
Device that measures physiological changes associated with emotion. |
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What does a polygraph measure? |
Heart Rate Respiration Blood Pressure GSR |
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What is the guilty knowledge test? |
Questioning technique used in the polygraph examination |
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Describe cultural differences in emotional expression |
Display Rules- cultural standards determine when, where, and how emotions should be expressed. |
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Explain the research on anger |
Most people become angry several times a week in response to someone who is perceived to cause damage (i.e. hurt feelings) or loss (to person or property) on purpose. |
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What is catharsis? |
Anger is reduced after it is released through action or fantasy. Limited research support for catharsis. |
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What is an adaptive way to express anger? |
1. WAIT- Allows SNS arousal to decrease. Counts to 10! 2. Anger relies on cognitive factors so rethink/reinterpret the situation. 3. Decide how you want to handle the situation. Consider all options. |
