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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Cognition |
The way in which information is processed and manipulated in remembering, thinking, and knowing. |
Information is processed.
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Artificial intelligence |
A scientific field that focuses on creating machines capable of performing activities that require intelligence when they are done by people. |
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Thinking |
The process of manipulating information mentally by forming concepts, solving problems, making decisions, and reflecting critically or creatively. |
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Concept |
A mental category that is used to group objects, events, and characteristics. |
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Prototype model |
A model emphasizing that when people elevate whether a given item reflects a certain concept, they compare the item with the most typical items in that category and look for a "family resemblance" with that item's properties. |
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Subgoals |
Intermediate goals or problems to solve that put one in a better position for reaching a final goal or solution. |
A sub gold coins before a final goal |
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Problem solving |
The mental process of finding an appropriate way to attain a goal when the goal is not readily available. |
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Algorithms |
Strategies- including formulas, instructions, and a testing of all possible solutions- that guarantee a solution to a problem. |
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Heuristics
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Shortcut strategies or guidelines that suggest a solution to a problem but do not guarantee an answer. |
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Fixation |
Using a prior strategy and failing to look at a problem from a fresh new perspective. |
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Functional fixedness |
Failing to solve a problem as a result of fixation on a thing's usual functions. |
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Reasoning |
The mental activity of transforming information to reach conclusions. |
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Inductive reasoning |
Reasoning from specific observations to make generalizations. |
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Deductive reasoning |
Reasoning from a general case that is known to be true to a specific instance. |
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Decision making |
The mental activity of evaluating alternatives in choosing among them. |
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Loss aversion |
The tendency to strongly prefer to avoid losses compared to attempting to acquire gains. |
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Confirmation bias |
The tendency to search for and use information that supports one's ideas rather than refutes them. |
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Hindsight bias |
The tendency to report falsely after the fact, that one has accurately predicted an outcome. |
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Available heuristic |
A prediction about the probability of an event based on the ease of recalling or imagining similar events. |
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Base rate neglect |
The tendency to ignore information about general principles in favor of very specific but vivid information. |
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Representativeness heuristic |
The tendency to make judgments about group membership based on physical appearances or the match between a person and one's stereotype of a group rather than on available base rate information. |
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Mindfulness |
The state of being alert and mentally present for one's everyday activities. |
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Open mindedness |
The state of being receptive to other ways of looking at things. |
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Creativity |
The ability to think about something in novel and unusual ways and to devise unconventional solutions to problems. |
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Validity |
The soundness of the conclusions that a researcher draws from an experiment. In the realm of testing, the extent to which a test measures what it is intended to measure. |
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Reliability |
The extent to which a test yields a consistent, reproducible measure of performance. |
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Intelligence |
All - purpose ability to do well on cognitive tasks, to solve problems, and to learn from experience. |
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Standardization |
The development of uniform procedures for administering and scoring a test, and the creation of norms (performance standards) for the test. |
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Mentle age |
An individual's level of mental development related to that of others. |
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Intelligence quotient |
An individual's mental age divided by chronological age multiplied by 100. |
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Normal distribution |
A symmetrical, bell - shaped curve, with a majority of test scores ( or other data) falling in the middle of the possible range and few scores (or other data points) appearing toward the extremes. |
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Culture - fair test |
Intelligence tests that are intended to be culturally unbiased. |
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Heritability |
The proportion of observable differences in a group that can be explained by differences in the genes of the group's members. |
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Gifted |
Possessing high intelligence (an IQ of 130 or higher) and / or superior talent in a particular area. |
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Intellectual disability |
A condition of limited mental ability in which an individual has a low IQ, usually below 70 on a traditional intelligence test, and has difficulty adapting to everyday life. |
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Triarchic theory of intelligence |
Sternberg's theory that intelligence comes in three forms: analytical, creative, and practical. |
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Language |
A form of communication - whether spoken, written, or a signed, that is based on a system of symbols. |
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Phonology |
A language's sound system. |
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Infinite generativity |
The ability of language to produce an endless number of meaningful sentences. |
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Morphology |
A language's rules for word formation. |
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Syntax |
A language's rules for combining words to form acceptable phrases and sentences. |
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Semantics |
The meaning of words and sentences in a particular language. |
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Pragmatics |
The useful character of language and the ability of language to communicate even more meaning then is verbalized. |
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Dyslexia |
A learning disability characterized by difficulty with learning to read fluently and was accurate comprehension, despite normal intelligence. |
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Divergent thinking |
Thinking that produces many solutions to the same problem. |
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Convergent thinking |
Thinking that produces the single best solution to a problem. |
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