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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are 2 strengths of a lab experiment? |
High in reliability and highly standardised |
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Identify a dispositional explanation for obedience |
Authoritarian personality |
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Identify a situational explanation for resisting the pressure to conform or obey |
Social support |
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Identify a strength of random sampling compared to volunteer |
More likely to be representative |
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What is an independent variable? |
What the experimenter manipulates in the experiment |
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What is dependent variable |
What the researcher measure in the experiment |
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What is a hypothesis |
A prediction about the expected outcome of the experiment |
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Explain why lab experiments are high in reliability |
It is because the IV is manipulated whilst trying to minimise and control extraneous variables. By doing so it is possible to say the IV is directly responsible for the changes in the DV |
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Why do lab experiments have low ecological validity and mundane realism |
Because the setting is artificial and controlled so is unlikely to represent a real life situation and participants are often asked to complete unreal and artificial tasks they would not do in everyday life |
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What are some of the key features of a field experiment |
Conducted in a real environment Minimal control of EV |
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What are the three main ways in which you can allocate participants in experiments? |
Repeated measures design, independent group designs and matched pairs design |
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What is the repeated measures design? |
It involves using the same participants in each condition and then comparing |
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What is the independent groups design? |
Using different participants in each condition and then comparing |
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What is matched pairs design? |
Using different participants in each condition but participants are matched with another participants on key variables |
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What type of data is numerical? |
Quantitative |
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What is qualitative data? |
Data expressed in written words |
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Is data that has been collected by others primary or secondary |
Secondary |
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What are the five ways of selecting participants? |
Random sampling, volunteer sampling, opportunity sampling, systematic sampling and stratified sampling |
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What are the advantages and disadvantages of random sampling? |
It is representative but it is extremely difficult to achieve |
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What are the advantages and disadvantages of opportunity sampling? |
More convenient but the sample is likely to be unrepresentative |
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What are the advantages and disadvantages of volunteer sampling? |
Convenient but unlikely to be representative |
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What are the advantages and disadvantages of systematic sampling? |
It avoids researcher bias but the sample may be unrepresentative |
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What is obedience? |
Following instructions from an authority figure and an individual acts in response to a direct order from another individual |
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What percentage of participants in Milgrams experiment went to 450V? |
65% |
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Who took part in Milgrams experiment and what may the problem be with this? |
40 males took part so they may all have had similar personalities |
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What role were participants allocated in Milgrams experiment? |
The role of teacher |
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What was one of the prods given in Milgrams experiment? |
You must continue |
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What were the three variables of Milgrams experiment? |
Uniform, location and proximity |
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What percentage of people went to 450V in Milgrams experiment when the experimenter wore normal clothes? |
20% |
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Identify the sampling technique used in Milgrams experiment |
Volunteer |
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Identify the sampling technique used in Milgrams experiment |
Volunteer |
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Who investigated obedience in a real life setting using nurses in hospitals? |
Hoffling |
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How many nurses took part in Hofflings study? |
22 nurses |
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How many nurses took part in Hofflings study? |
22 nurses |
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What drug were the nurses instructed to give and how much? |
20mg of Astroten |
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Why did the doctors orders in Hoflings study violate rules? |
The dosage was double the recommended maximum dose and orders were not permitted over the phone |
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Why did the doctors orders in Hoflings study violate rules? |
The dosage was double the recommended maximum dose and orders were not permitted over the phone |
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How many nurses obeyed in Hoflings study? |
21 out of 22 |
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What were Milgrams explanations for obedience? |
The agentic state and legitimacy of authority |
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What is the agentic state? |
When we give up personal responsibility and pass that responsibility onto an authority figure |
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What is the agentic state? |
When we give up personal responsibility and pass that responsibility onto an authority figure |
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What is a disposition explanation for obedience? |
Authoritarian personality |
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What is the agentic state? |
When we give up personal responsibility and pass that responsibility onto an authority figure |
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What is a disposition explanation for obedience? |
Authoritarian personality |
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What kind of upbringing have people with an authoritarian personality had? |
A strict upbringing usually with physical punishment |
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Why does social support lead to resisting conformity? |
Social support in the form of an ally can break the unanimous position of the group and raise the idea there could be other ways of thinking which allows individuals to feel more confident in their decision |
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Which study gives supporting evidence for social support leading to resisting conformity? |
Allen and Levine |
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Which study gives supporting evidence for social support leading to resisting conformity? |
Allen and Levine |
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What is locus of control? |
The sense we have about what directs the events in our lives. It is the extent to which we believe the outcomes of our actions are determined by internal or external factors |
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What is a high internal locus of control? |
When a person believes that their behaviour is caused by their own choices, effort and responsibility |
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What three behaviour styles need to be adopted by minority groups to influence people? |
Consistency, commitment and flexibility |
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Which study measured whether a minority group were able to change the opinions of a majority group? |
Moscivici |
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Which study measured whether a minority group were able to change the opinions of a majority group? |
Moscivici |
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What did Moscivici's study involve? |
Showing participants 36 slides that were different shades of blue and asking them to state them out loud |
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What is social change? |
When society as a whole adopts a new belief or a way of behaving which then becomes widely accepted as the norm |
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What are the stages for social change? |
Drawing attention to an issue, consistency of a position, cognitive conflict, the augmentation principle and the snowball effect |
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What are the stages for social change? |
Drawing attention to an issue, consistency of a position, cognitive conflict, the augmentation principle and the snowball effect |
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What are the five different ethical issues? |
Informed consent, right to withdraw, protection of participants, avoidance of deception and confidentiality |
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What can ethical issues be solved by? |
A debrief |
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What is peer review? |
Assessment of psychological investigations/research by others who are in the same field |
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What happened to conformity levels when Asch increased the difficulty of the task? |
It increased |
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Identify the research method used in Asch and Sheriffs investigations |
Lab experiment |
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Identify one explanation for conformity other than normative influence |
Informational influence |
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Whose findings support the normative explanation? |
Asch's |
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Name the experimenter that conducted the Stanford Prison experiment |
Zimbardo |
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What is the opposite of the agentic state? |
The autonomous state |
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Name the Nazi official who used "I was only following orders" as a defence in his trial |
Adolf Eichman |
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How do authoritarian personalities view minority groups? |
As weak and inferior |
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Name a theory that considers that obedience can be explained by social factors rather than dispositional ones |
Social identity theory |
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Name the researcher that conducted a study with Milgram that demonstrated a link between obedience and authoritarianism |
Elms |
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What is the purpose of peer review? |
To ensure that any research conducted and published is of high quality, is valid, accurate and relevant |
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When Milgram moved his experiment to a block of run Dow offices what percentage of people obeyed to 450V? |
47.5% |
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Name two variation of Asch's conformity experiment |
Ambiguity and social support |
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What type of conformity is public agreement but private disagreement? |
Compliance |
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What type of conformity is public and private agreement? |
Identification |
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What are the three types of conformity? |
Compliance, identification and internalisation |
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What were participants in Milgrams study told it was about? |
Memory |
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What happens to the IV in a field experiment? |
It is manipulated |
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In lab experiments what needs to happen to procedure and instructions? |
Need to be standardised |
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How many participants took part in Asch's experiment? |
123 |
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In the Asch study what type of conformity did participants demonstrate? |
Compliance |
